tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27857354855646514972024-03-13T23:35:58.087-07:00Eclectic Potted Histories history in nutshellsHelen Lashbrookhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14806155400041511316noreply@blogger.comBlogger339125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2785735485564651497.post-56217749372395126632018-03-05T02:20:00.000-08:002018-03-05T02:20:36.649-08:00Philip the Bold VI
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Olivier_de_Clisson_tomb.jpg/450px-Olivier_de_Clisson_tomb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="450" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Olivier_de_Clisson_tomb.jpg/450px-Olivier_de_Clisson_tomb.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Olivier de Clisson</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Marriage of the King<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The French army
returned to Paris in January 1383; strengthened by the victory against the
rebels of Ghent. The Parisians came out in force and were ordered to lay down
their arms. The gates of the city were thrown down for the king to ride over as
he entered his capital city and the chains, that blocked off city streets, were
removed. Arms were to be handed in at the Louvre and were then transported to
Vincennes. About one hundred rebels were executed.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">A sales tax
of twelve pence in the livre was instituted on all merchandise with additional
taxes on wine and salt. Back taxes were demanded and the ordinances and
privileges of Paris were revoked. The guilds were emasculated by the imposition
of supervisors appointed by the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provost_(civil)"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Provost</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of Paris.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Both Philip
and his brother of Berry were united against the encroachment of the king’s
champion, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_de_Clisson"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Olivier de Clisson</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20VI.docx" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;">[i]</span></u></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. In February 1384 the two brothers
signed a mutual defence treaty with Clisson’s enemy </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_IV,_Duke_of_Brittany"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">John de Montfort</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, Duke of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Brittany</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Charles_VI-Isabeau_de_Bavi%C3%A8re.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="409" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Charles_VI-Isabeau_de_Bavi%C3%A8re.png" width="272" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Charles VI (Top C) and Isabeau (Bottom C)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In July 1385,
in compliance with his father’s deathbed wishes, Charles VI was married to </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabeau_of_Bavaria"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Isabeau of Bavaria</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20VI.docx" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;">[ii]</span></u></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></u></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><u><span style="color: blue;">.</span></u></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> Philip and Albert of Bavaria had
discussed the question of marriage between Charles and Isabeau during the
celebrations of the double Valois-Wittlesbach wedding in April. Charles was
seventeen and his bride was fifteen. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Problems
arose when the French demanded that the bride-to-be be examined by the ladies
of the court; a demand that the bride’s father refused. Charles spoke to his
uncle Philip;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘The Duke of Burgundy came
in. ‘Uncle’ said the King, ‘it is our wish to be married in this fine cathedral
of Amiens. We do not want any further delays.’ ‘Just as you say, my lord’ said
the Duke.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20VI.docx" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip and
his brother Berry were to retain the reins of government until 1388 when Charles
reached the age of twenty and took over control of his kingdom from his uncles.
Clisson boasted that it was he who had made Charles;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">‘King and lord of his kingdom and taken the government out
of the hands of his uncles’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20VI.docx" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Charles
reigned with the help of Clisson and his father’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Marmousets</i>. In November 1388, notwithstanding the blow to his pride,
Philip entertained the king, Clisson and Louis d’Orléans at his <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hôtel</i> in Conflans. He also undertook
diplomatic missions on behalf of the crown to Italy in 1391 and to Amiens in
1392.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Starting a Family Feud<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Madness_of_Charles_VI.jpg/563px-Madness_of_Charles_VI.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="563" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Madness_of_Charles_VI.jpg/563px-Madness_of_Charles_VI.jpg" width="375" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Madness of the King</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Charles’
independent rule lasted until 1392 when Philip was able to take control of the
kingdom’s affairs again. Charles was leading an expedition to punish the Duke
of Brittany for harbouring </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Craon"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Pierre de Craon</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, who had attempted to assassinate the Constable. He insisted
that his uncles, who were allied with Brittany, accompany him. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">En route,
Charles was seized by a manic fit as the company rode through the forest of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Mans"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Le Mans</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. A stranger chanced to call out to Charles as he was riding by; immediately
afterwards Charles was further startled by a page who dropped his lance.
Charles drew his sword and fell on his entourage and killed at least one of
them before being disarmed. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘The Dukes of Berry and
Burgundy rode talking together….the page carrying the lance forgot what he was
about or dozed off…..There was a loud clang of steel, and the King, who was so
close that they were riding on his horse’s heels, gave a sudden start….he
imagined that a great host of his enemies were coming to kill him….The Duke of
Burgundy….looked across and saw the King chasing his brother with a naked
sword….Knights, squires and men-at-arms formed a circle right round the King, allowing
him to tire himself out against them.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20VI.docx" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">From Le Mans
Philip and Berry dismissed the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Marmousets</i>
and disbanded the army, seizing the reins of government. Philip and Berry’s
high-handedness angered their nephew </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Louis d’Orléans</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20VI.docx" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;">[vi]</span></u></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> who, as Charles’ closest relative,
considered that he should be his brother’s regent. Clisson’s injuries kept him
from supporting Louis and in short order found himself without a job; Philip
having dismissed him summarily. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="One"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis"><span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Crusade to
Nicopolis</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/NikopolisSchlacht.jpg/425px-NikopolisSchlacht.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="425" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/NikopolisSchlacht.jpg/425px-NikopolisSchlacht.jpg" width="282" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Attacking the Turk</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In 1396 the
Ottoman’s annual <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">chevauchée</i> wended
its cumbersome way to </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Hungary</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> where the Holy Roman Emperor </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Sigismund</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> called on Christendom to defend the
country against the infidel. The call to crusade was answered by military from
across northern Europe. Philip, as a committed Christian, was ready to answer
the call and sent his eldest son John, now twenty-four, at the head of the
Burgundian army.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In September
1396 the combined armies of the French, English, Bulgarian, Wallachian,
Croatian, Hungarian and Burgundians were routed by the Ottomans led by </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayezid_I"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Bayezid I</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. It was possibly the case that the Ottomans, with one supreme leader,
were able to offset the vastly numerically superior enemy by a unified command,
whereas the Christians had not one but eleven leaders, four of whom were taken
captive</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20VI.docx" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In January
1397 Philip sent an embassy to Bayezid with gifts that he hoped would appeal to
the potentate;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘Ten superb charges,
complete with their harness and led by seventeen grooms in white and scarlet
livery, hounds, gyrfalcons, the very finest examples of cloth and tapestry, a
dozen pairs of gloves and some choice pieces of plate.'<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20VI.docx" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">By June an
agreement was reached whereby the prisoners were to be exchanged in return for
a ransom of 200,000 ducats</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20VI.docx" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Philip had to turn to
his subjects to raise his son’s ransom and the negotiations took months to
agree; the Flemings and Burgundians had already been paying over the odds to
fund the crusade in the first place <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Regent and Patron of the Arts<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Melchior_Broederlam_001.jpg/445px-Melchior_Broederlam_001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="445" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Melchior_Broederlam_001.jpg/445px-Melchior_Broederlam_001.jpg" width="296" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Broederlam altarpiece</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Like all
major nobles Philip supported the arts; he was a patron of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Christine de Pisan</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">, enjoining her, shortly before his death, to write </span><i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Le Livre
des fais et bonnes meurs du sage roy Charles V. </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Philip also patronised </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Bonet"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Honoré Bonet</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, the Prior
of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon-de-Provence"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Salon</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20VI.docx" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustache_Deschamps"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Eustache Deschamps</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Philip and
his wife shared a love of books and built up two libraries in Paris and Arras. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip used well-known
sculptors, including </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Marville"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Jean de Marville</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus_Sluter"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Claus Suter</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20VI.docx" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><u><span style="color: blue;">,</span></u></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> to work on the Charterhouse of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champmol"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Champmol</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><u>, a religious foundation</u></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> he had long supported, arranging it
as a sepulchral monument for himself and his heirs. The work started in 1377,
and was built from locally quarried stone. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">He also
commissioned artists to work on this funerary monument, including </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchior_Broederlam"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Melchior Broederlam</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> who painted two wings to decorate an
altarpiece by </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Baerze"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Jaques de Braerze</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Broederlam’s talents were mainly
used to decorate Philip’s castle in </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesdin"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Hesdin</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Philip first employed the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustache_Deschamps"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Limbourg brot</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">hers who were later to work for his brother Berry</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20VI.docx" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Melchior_Broederlam_003.jpg/443px-Melchior_Broederlam_003.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="443" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Melchior_Broederlam_003.jpg/443px-Melchior_Broederlam_003.jpg" width="295" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Broederlam altarpiece</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Throughout
his time as Regent Philip was to find himself in conflict with his nephew
Louis, over his determination to forcibly take control of his wife’s
inheritance in Italy, over the great schism, over taxes Louis had imposed in
his territories that disadvantaged Philip’s subjects and rivalry between the
two duchesses. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In 1401 both
men mustered troops in Paris. The situation was saved by intervention from the
Queen, and the dukes of Berry and Bourbon. In 1403 Philip was able to exclude
Louis from all but a very subordinate role in the regency. He further
strengthened his position by marrying his grandchildren into the royal family. The
feud exacerbated the realm’s internal disorder and reduced the effectiveness of
foiling foreign interventions. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip died
on 27<sup>th</sup> April 1404 leaving his eldest son John to inherit not just
the duchy, but the ongoing feud with Louis d’Orléans which was to have tragic
consequences for France</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20VI.docx" name="_ednref13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Philip was buried in <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><u>a </u></span></span>tomb in the palace of the Dukes of
Burgundy in Dijon. The tomb was the work of Marville and Suter and made of
black marble. Philip’s statue is guarded by two golden angels <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Chronicles –
Froissart, Penguin Books 1968<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Europe:
Hierarchy and Revolt 1320-1450 – George Holmes, Fontana 1984<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Fourteenth
Century – May McKisack, Oxford University Press 1997<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">A Distant
Mirror – Barbara Tuchman, Papermac 1989<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip the
Bold – Richard Vaughan, Boydell Press 2011<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Flower
of Chivalry – Richard Vernier, Boydell Press 2003<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<a href="http://www.wikipedia.en/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">www.wikipedia.en</span></span></a><!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--><br />
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20VI.docx" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
He was made the Constable of France after du Guesclin’s death in 1380<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20VI.docx" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
A scion of the Wiitelsbachs and granddaughter of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernab%C3%B2_Visconti"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Bernabo Visconti</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20VI.docx" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Chronicles - Froissart<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20VI.docx" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Translated from the French in Philip the Bold - Vaughan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20VI.docx" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Chronicles - Froissart<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20VI.docx" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Now married to </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentina_Visconti,_Duchess_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Valentina
Visconti</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">, daughter of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Visconti"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Gian Galeazzo
Visconti</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20VI.docx" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Almost all the Franco-Burgundian army were killed or captured including John
the Fearless, Enguerrand de Coucy, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_of_Artois,_Count_of_Eu"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Philip of
Artois</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Le_Maingre"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">John le
Maingre</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">, a </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Marshals_of_France"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Marshal of
France</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20VI.docx" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Philip the Bold - Vaughan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20VI.docx" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">In 2016
the relative: </span></strong><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">historic standard of living</span></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
value of that income or wealth is £155,800,000.00, </span></span><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of that income or wealth is £1,417,000,000.00, </span></span><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic status</span></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £3,652,000,000.00, </span></span><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic power</span></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £88,170,000,000.00 </span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></a><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20VI.docx" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
A </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Benedictine</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
priory in Provence<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20VI.docx" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Suter was made court sculptor of Burgundy in 1389 and continued to hold the
position until his death. The post carried the rank of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valet_de_chambre"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">valet de chambre</span></i></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn12" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20VI.docx" name="_edn12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
For whom they created the masterpiece </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustache_Deschamps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">les Trés Riches Heures de Duc de Berri</span></i></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn13" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20VI.docx" name="_edn13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
See </span><a href="http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/charles-duke-of-orleans.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/charles-duke-of-orleans.html</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Helen Lashbrookhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14806155400041511316noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2785735485564651497.post-77478716716866671282018-02-26T01:29:00.001-08:002018-02-26T23:06:22.057-08:00Philip the Bold V
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Charles_IV-John_Ocko_votive_picture-fragment.jpg/425px-Charles_IV-John_Ocko_votive_picture-fragment.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="425" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Charles_IV-John_Ocko_votive_picture-fragment.jpg/425px-Charles_IV-John_Ocko_votive_picture-fragment.jpg" width="282" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Charles IV</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">The Emperor’s Visit</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In late
December 1377 the Holy Roman Emperor paid a visit to Paris. Charles V wanted to
tighten ties with the empire and his uncle </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Charles IV</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. On 22<sup>nd</sup> the emperor was
met at Cambrai by French nobles and thence escorted to Paris. Philip was among
those who greeted the emperor on his arrival at </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senlis"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Senlis</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. An attack of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">gout</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> meant that the emperor entered
France’s capital in a litter. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Charles V
was accompanied by Philip and the Dukes of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert,_Duke_of_Bar"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Bar</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, Berry and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II,_Duke_of_Bourbon"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Bourbon</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and others of the nobility and
officials when he rode to meet his uncle. When the two men were finally able to
be private after the ceremonies that followed; <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘They removed their hats and
spoke together with great friendship and joy of meeting.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">At a state
occasion on January 6<sup>th</sup> Philip and his brother of Burgundy served
wine and spices to the emperor and their brother after a banquet for 800 guests
and entertainment by minstrels. The company then all transferred to the Hall of
Parlement where a spectacle representing the taking of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Jerusalem</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> during the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">first crusade</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> was on offer. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_octobre.jpg/360px-Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_octobre.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="360" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_octobre.jpg/360px-Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_octobre.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Louvre</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The
following day a boat constructed like a residence with ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">halls, chambers, fireplaces and chimneys</i>’ carried King Charles and
his guest down to the new palace of the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre_Palace"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Louvre</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> which had been modernised from an ancient fortress. In between all the
festivities the two monarchs held private talks. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The final
occasion for the emperor’s visit was the laying out of the case against
England. Charles V was concerned about<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘The lies the English were
spreading in Germany.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">He spoke for
two hours tracing the causes of the quarrel but no concrete alliance resulted
from the speechifying or the private talks. The visit did being some benefit;
honouring and enhancing France’s reputation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Death of a King<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In the
summer of 1380 </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_of_Woodstock,_1st_Duke_of_Gloucester"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Thomas of Woodstock</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, decided to take the long way round
to support English troops in Brittany, taking his army through Champagne and
Burgundy. Accompanied by such luminaries as </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Knolles"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Sir Robert Knollys</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Calveley"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Sir Hugh Calveley</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, Thomas cut a swathe across France, closely shadowed by
French knights and soldiers to hamper foraging. Nevertheless, when the citizens
of Rheims refused to succour them, the English burnt 60 villages surrounding
the city.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Couronnement_de_Charles_VI_le_Bien-Aim%C3%A9.jpg/489px-Couronnement_de_Charles_VI_le_Bien-Aim%C3%A9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="489" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Couronnement_de_Charles_VI_le_Bien-Aim%C3%A9.jpg/489px-Couronnement_de_Charles_VI_le_Bien-Aim%C3%A9.jpg" width="326" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Coronation of Charles VI</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip
commanded two thousand knights, ready to ignore Charles V’s order not to engage
in direct confrontation with the English. He was called away from his command
on his brother’s orders. Charles knew his end was nigh and called for his
brothers and his brother-in-law to attend him at his favourite chateau at </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaut%C3%A9-sur-Marne"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Beauté-sur-Marne</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. He was concerned about his part in
the schism in the church and his taxations of his people.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">He died on
16<sup>th</sup> September 1380 and Philip became one of the council of four
regents, made up of the uncles of the new eleven year old king </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Charles VI</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, along with the dukes of Berry,
Anjou</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and Bourbon. Anjou was to
be regent while Philip and Bourbon were to have the care and personal
guardianship of the young king. According to Froissart, on his death bed
Charles;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘Desired, that if a suitable
match could be found, that his son Charles should be married to some German
lady. In this way the Germans and the French would be drawn into closer
alliance.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The three
brothers and Bourbon quarrelled about Charles’ directions and eventually a
compromise was reached wherein Anjou became president of the regency council. Anjou
was more concerned about a projected expedition to </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Naples</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> where he planned to seize the kingdom. The actual running of
the country was left to Charles V’s officials known as </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmousets"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">les Marmousets</span></span></i></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Philip had control of northern
France while Berry was lieutenant of southern France.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Insurrection in France<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Abbaye_Saint-Ouen_de_Rouen_as_seen_from_Gros_Horloge_140215_3.jpg/799px-Abbaye_Saint-Ouen_de_Rouen_as_seen_from_Gros_Horloge_140215_3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="799" height="298" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Abbaye_Saint-Ouen_de_Rouen_as_seen_from_Gros_Horloge_140215_3.jpg/799px-Abbaye_Saint-Ouen_de_Rouen_as_seen_from_Gros_Horloge_140215_3.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Abbey of St Ouen church</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">As Charles V
had feared his brother Anjou’s</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">determined pursuit of money instigated the</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harelle"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Harelle</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> tax revolt in 1382</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">. In January Anjou had
instigated new sales taxes on wine, salt and other commodities</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">. The order had been
issued secretly and the bidding for the post of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_(revenue_leasing)"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">tax farmer</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> for these new taxes was held behind
closed doors.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">As news of
the new taxes spread riots began in Paris, Laôn, Orléans, Rheims and Amiens.
Anjou refused to rescind the order. Violence broke out in Rouen at the end of
February where the vintners were badly affected by the tax on wine. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Donjon_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vincennes.jpg/800px-Donjon_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vincennes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="532" data-original-width="800" height="265" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Donjon_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vincennes.jpg/800px-Donjon_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vincennes.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chateau de Vincennes</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">They worked
the crowd into a rage and the crowd responded by attacking priests, Jews,
pawnbrokers and the homes of all the former mayors of the city. The rich </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Ouen,_Rouen"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Abbey of St Ouen</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> was also attacked. The riot fell
apart with the arrival of the young king and the leaders of Rouen begged
Charles for pardon and Charles was advised to grant it. The town’s liberties
were revoked and a royal bailiff placed in charge.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Even as the
citizens of Rouen were being pardoned, Paris rose up in revolt. On 1<sup>st</sup>
March a tax collector was killed for demanding monies off a woman selling
watercress at </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Halles"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Les Halles</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Crowds attacked the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Paris"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Hotel de Ville</span></span></i></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and removed the arms</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> stored there before
running amuck in the city. The nobility and the rich fled to </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincennes"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Vincennes</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and the city gates were closed</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">. The richer bourgeoisie
mobilised a militia to resist both the rebels and retaliation from the crown<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Suppression
of the revolt is attributed to Philip; he, the Chancellor and Enguerrand de
Coucy went to the Porte St Antoine to parley with the revolting Parisians who
demanded an abolition of all levies since the king’s coronation and amnesty for
all rioting. On behalf of the crown Philip, Coucy and the Chancellor agreed to
all the demands. Some of the rioters were executed while fines were levied,
while discontent simmered close beneath the surface.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Helping Out the Family<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Louis_II_of_Flanders-Lodewijk_van_Male_(1330-1384).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="323" data-original-width="276" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Louis_II_of_Flanders-Lodewijk_van_Male_(1330-1384).jpg" width="341" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Louis de Male</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In 1380 the
people of Ghent rebelled against their liege lord Louis de Male when he imposed
a tax to pay for a tournament he wished to hold. They refused to pay crying out
against the squandering of tax monies on;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘The follies of princes and
the upkeep of actors and buffoons.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Louis besieged
rebellious Ghent which overthrew his dominion following an attack by Louis on
the starving city. Louis only evaded capture by exchanging clothes with his
valet.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_van_Artevelde"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Philip van Artevelde</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;">[xi]</span></u></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></u></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><u><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">the leader of the insurrection
declared himself Regent of Flanders and the region’s towns surrendered to his
rule. </span></span></u><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Artevelde
gave himself airs and graces, requiring trumpets to announce his arrival,
wearing </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniver"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">miniver</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and scarlet</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and dined off the
count’s silver plate seized as booty.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Louis de
Male turned to his son-in-law Philip for help dealing with his rebellious
subjects. Philip invaded Flanders in November 1382 with his nephew the king and
his co-regents at the head of an army of French nobles and their men, estimated
to be up to 50,000 in total. With the army came the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriflamme"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Oriflamme</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_ednref13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, to indicate to all that the French
were engaged in a holy war. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Slagbijrozebeke.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="782" data-original-width="800" height="390" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Slagbijrozebeke.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Battle of Roosebeke</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The French
defeated the rebel Flemings</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_ednref14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> at the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Roosebeke"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">battle of Roosebeke</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> on 27<sup>th</sup> November, during
which Artevelde was crushed to death along with many of his followers. The
young king greeted his victorious warriors and; <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">‘Welcomed them
joyously and praised God for the victory which, through their efforts, He had
given.’</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_ednref15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><u><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></u></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Artevelde
had allied with the merchants of England and the following year the pugnacious </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_le_Despenser"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Hugh le Despenser</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Norwich"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Bishop of Norwich</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_ednref16" style="mso-endnote-id: edn16;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> ostensibly led a crusade to Flanders</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_ednref17" style="mso-endnote-id: edn17;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">; in reality it was an
expedition by the English in support of the rebels. The expedition was a
failure and Philip took over running the county when his father-in-law died in
1384. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Tournai" title="Peace of Tournai"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Peace of Tournai</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> was signed on 18<sup>th</sup> December
1385. The treaty allowed for Ghent to keep its privileges, there was an amnesty
for the rebels and that Ghent would be free to choose which pope it supported.
However, Ghent was required to give up its treaty with England and recognize
the King of France.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Chronicles –
Froissart, Penguin Books 1968<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Europe:
Hierarchy and Revolt 1320-1450 – George Holmes, Fontana 1984<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Fourteenth
Century – May McKisack, Oxford University Press 1997<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">A Distant
Mirror – Barbara Tuchman, Papermac 1989<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip the
Bold – Richard Vaughan, Boydell Press 2011<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Flower
of Chivalry – Richard Vernier, Boydell Press 2003<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<a href="http://www.maisonstclaire.org/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">www.maisonstclaire.org</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<a href="http://www.wikipedia.en/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">www.wikipedia.en</span></span></a><!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
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<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
A Distant Mirror - Tuchman<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Ibid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The youngest of Edward III’s children<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Charles was concerned that his brother Anjou would use the French treasury as
his own<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Chronicles - Froissart<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Anjou’s pursuit of a crown had been forestalled by the murder of Joanna of
Naples; see </span><a href="http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2015/04/the-queen-of-naples-ix_29.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2015/04/the-queen-of-naples-ix_29.html</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
To fund his march to Naples<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
3,000 long handed mallets with heads of lead (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">maillets</i>) used by police which led to the insurrectionists being
known as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mailliotins</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Part of the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_of_Charles_V"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">city wall</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
was rebuilt during the reign of Charles V and continued during Charles VI’s
reign<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
A Distant Mirror - Tuchman<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Son of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Artevelde"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Jacob van
Artevelde</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">, one of the leaders of an insurrection against </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I,_Count_of_Flanders"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Louis I of
Flanders</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> in the late 1320s; Artevelde was a merchant<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn12" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_edn12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Contrary to </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumptuary_law"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">sumptuary
laws</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn13" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_edn13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Carried for the first time since Poitiers<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn14" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_edn14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Many of whom lacked even basic armour<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn15" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_edn15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
A Distant Mirror - Tuchman<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn16" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_edn16" style="mso-endnote-id: edn16;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Known as the Fighting Bishop<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn17" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20V.docx" name="_edn17" style="mso-endnote-id: edn17;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Flanders and England supported the pope in Rome; at the time the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Western
Schism</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> meant that there were two popes, one in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Avignon</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">, supported by the
French and one in Rome. </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_VI"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Pope
Urban VI</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> in Rome authorised the crusade <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Helen Lashbrookhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14806155400041511316noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2785735485564651497.post-10540901040740267472018-02-19T00:36:00.004-08:002018-02-19T23:13:48.043-08:00Philip the Bold IV
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flemish_School_-_Lille_-_Philip_II%2C_Duke_of_Burgundy.jpg/422px-Flemish_School_-_Lille_-_Philip_II%2C_Duke_of_Burgundy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="422" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flemish_School_-_Lille_-_Philip_II%2C_Duke_of_Burgundy.jpg/422px-Flemish_School_-_Lille_-_Philip_II%2C_Duke_of_Burgundy.jpg" width="281" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Philip the Bold</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Family</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip was
prone to wearing gorgeous outfits, often in an attempt to outshine his brother
the Duke of Berry, but also for political purposes. Philip’s hats were decked
with feathers from ostriches, pheasants and one with feathers reputed to come
from a bird from far off India. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Like Berry
Philip was a passionate collector and was a dedicated hunter, moving from
estate to estate, often sleeping outdoors. He also played tennis and was in
addition a prolific traveller who frequently went on pilgrimages, taking a
portable reliquary and rosary with him at all times. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip and
Marguerite had nine children; </span></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Fearless" title="John the Fearless"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">John the Fearless</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> born on 28<sup>th</sup> May
1371, was made </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_and_dukes_of_Nevers"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Count of Nevers</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> in 1384<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Charles born in 1372</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Burgundy_(1374-1441)" title="Margaret of Burgundy (1374-1441)"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Marguerite of Burgundy</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> born in October 1374
<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Louis born in 1377</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Burgundy" title="Catherine of Burgundy"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Catherine of Burgundy</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> was born in April 1378 at </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montbard"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Montbard</span></span></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Bold#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan201031-8"></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Bonne born in 1379 at
</span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arras" title="Arras"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Arras</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine,_Duke_of_Brabant" title="Antoine, Duke of Brabant"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Antoine</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Brabant" title="Duke of Brabant"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Duke of Brabant</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> born in August 1384</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy,_Duchess_of_Savoy" title="Mary of Burgundy, Duchess of Savoy"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Mary of Burgundy</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> born in September 1386 at </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Dijon</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II,_Count_of_Nevers" title="Philip II, Count of Nevers"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Philip</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Count of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_and_dukes_of_Rethel" title="Counts and dukes of Rethel"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Rethel</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> born at </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villaines-en-Duesmois"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Villaines-en-Duesmois</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> in October 1389<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Marguerite bore at least another two children of whom
there are no records.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Talk the Talk, Walk the Walk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Johnofgaunt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="469" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Johnofgaunt.jpg" width="312" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">John of Gaunt</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">From 1375-7 there
was a series of on-off peace conferences between the French and English at
Bruges, conducted with great magnificence and at great expense by John of
Gaunt, Philip</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">
and numerous cardinals acting as mediators. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘When the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">feast of All-Saints</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> was
drawing near, the duke of Burgundy, the count de </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzburg"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Saltzbourg</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">,
the bishops of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Amiens"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Amiens</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">,
and of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Bayeux"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Bayeux,</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">
came to Bruges by orders of the king of France, to hold a conference.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">To avoid the
1375 meetings from being a complete waste of time and money a one year truce
was agreed. The parties never came to a permanent agreement as Edward was
determined to keep sovereignty of the Plantagenet possessions in France and
Charles V was equally determined to regain sovereignty over Guyennne</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">. The truce resulted in
the free companies taking out their angst once again on the French countryside.
</span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enguerrand_VII,_Lord_of_Coucy"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Enguerrand de Coucy</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> was ordered by Charles to deal with
the pests. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sir_Enguerrand_de_Coucy%2C_1st_Earl_of_Bedford%2C_KG.png/600px-Sir_Enguerrand_de_Coucy%2C_1st_Earl_of_Bedford%2C_KG.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sir_Enguerrand_de_Coucy%2C_1st_Earl_of_Bedford%2C_KG.png/600px-Sir_Enguerrand_de_Coucy%2C_1st_Earl_of_Bedford%2C_KG.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">de Coucy arms</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Once he had
undertaken this commission he was given another; having feet in both camps and
torn between the two</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">, de Coucy was sent on an
embassy to London in an attempt to extend the temporary truce. According to
Froissart;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘He [de Coucy] was regarded
as one of the wisest and prudent of nobles….in whom one could not want more of all
good and all loyalty.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">De Coucy
arrived in England to find the Black Prince dying and his father in his dotage.
John of Gaunt had taken over the running of the country and popular opinion was
resentful of corrupt royal officials, the war which was dragging on to no end,
military mismanagement and the wasting and embezzlement of tax monies. It was
now England’s turn to suffer; soldiers returning from the war were taking to
pillaging the countryside with a vengeance.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">End of an Era<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Edward_III_Black_Prince_14thc.jpg/520px-Edward_III_Black_Prince_14thc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="520" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Edward_III_Black_Prince_14thc.jpg/520px-Edward_III_Black_Prince_14thc.jpg" width="346" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Edward III & the Black Prince</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Black
Prince died, at the age of forty-six, in June 1376 leaving his son </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Richard</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> as his father’s heir. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘In this year, on
Trinity-Sunday, that flower of English knighthood the lord Edward of England,
prince of Wales and of Aquitaine….His body was embalmed, placed in a leaden
coffin and kept until the ensuing Michaelmas, in order that he might be buried
with greater pomp and magnificence when the parliament assembled in London.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">He left
behind a country in turmoil. King Edward was being ruled by his mistress </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Perrers"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Alice Perrers</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> who used her position to advance her circle of friends into
high positions, and she became Edward’s principal adviser on all matters
relating to the country. He finally died on 21<sup>st</sup> June 1377, leaving
behind his ten year old grandson to inherit his country and his war with
France.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Rye_panorama.jpg/800px-Rye_panorama.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="546" data-original-width="800" height="272" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Rye_panorama.jpg/800px-Rye_panorama.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rye</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">By 1377,
imitating Spanish maritime excellence, the French had created a navy that
dominated the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">English Channel</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. In that year the navy went so far
as to raid the English coast causing consternation among the enemy, so used to
going on the attack abroad. The raids followed the ending of yet another truce.
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Admiral </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Vienne"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Jean de Vienne</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> landed at </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye,_East_Sussex"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Rye</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> on 29<sup>th</sup> June and emulated the English savagery
imposed on French towns. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘The French landed in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Sussex</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">
near the borders of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Kent</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">, in
a fairly large town on fishermen and sailors called Rye. They pillaged and
plundered it and burnt it completely.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_ednref13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The raids
continued down the coast attacking </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkestone"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Folkestone</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth,_Dorset"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Weymouth</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Portsmouth</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Plymouth</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth,_Devon"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Dartmouth</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. A month later the fleet returned to
overrun the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Isle of Wight</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. One reason for the attacks, as well
as retaliation against English devastation of France, was to stop
reinforcements being sent to Calais.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Extending Influence<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flemish_School_-_Lille_-_Margaret_of_Bavaria.jpg/426px-Flemish_School_-_Lille_-_Margaret_of_Bavaria.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="426" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flemish_School_-_Lille_-_Margaret_of_Bavaria.jpg/426px-Flemish_School_-_Lille_-_Margaret_of_Bavaria.jpg" width="226" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Margaret of Bavaria </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Both Louis
de Male and his son-in-law Philip were interested in extending their influence
across Europe; Philip used his children as pawns in marriage alliances as well
as gaining lands by treaty and military acquisition. Philip first turned to the
</span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">house of Hapsburg</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> in 1377 to find husbands for his
daughters. He negotiated with the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Wittelsbach</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> princes </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Albert</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_ednref14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_III,_Duke_of_Austria"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Leopold</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_ednref15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;">[xv]</span></u></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip
arranged for Albert’s son </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_VI,_Count_of_Holland" title="William VI, Count of Holland"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">William VI, Count of Holland</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and
Duke of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria-Straubing"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Bavaria-Straubing</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> to marry Margaret with a dowry of
100,000 francs</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_ednref16" style="mso-endnote-id: edn16;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.
In addition </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Bavaria"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Margaret of Bavaria</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_ednref17" style="mso-endnote-id: edn17;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> was to marry John in a double
wedding that took place in </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrai"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Cambrai</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> on 12<sup>th</sup> April 1385 and Philip splurged on a magnificent
wedding, borrowing jewels from his cousin Charles who graced the weddings with
his presence. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip
organised a great tournament in honour of the two young couples and provided a
thousand lances for the occasion. The liveries for his staff and court alone
cost 34,000 livres</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_ednref18" style="mso-endnote-id: edn18;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xviii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and the prizes for the
tournament cost another 78,000</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_ednref19" style="mso-endnote-id: edn19;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.</span></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Leopold_IV.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="485" data-original-width="382" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Leopold_IV.jpg" width="252" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Leopold of Austria</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Catherine
was to marry </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_IV,_Duke_of_Austria"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Leopold of Austria</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_ednref20" style="mso-endnote-id: edn20;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xx]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, son of Prince Leopold. The couple
didn’t marry until 1387 due to Catherine’s youth. The festivities stretched for
three days from 14<sup>th</sup>-17<sup>th</sup> September 1387. Her parents
kept her at home despite the marriage treaty allowing for her to live with her
in-laws; the marriage was not consummated until May 1392. Even then she did not
depart from her family until the following year when she was fifteen, taking
with her gifts from her family including a gold chess set, a present from her
sister Mary. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In 1382
Bonne was affianced to </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I,_Duke_of_Bourbon" title="John I, Duke of Bourbon"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">John</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">, </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_of_Clermont-en-Beauvaisis"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Count of Clermont</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and son of the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II,_Duke_of_Bourbon"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Duke of Bourbon</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, but she died before the wedding
could take place</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_ednref21" style="mso-endnote-id: edn21;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xxi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Chronicles –
Froissart, Penguin Books 1968<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Europe:
Hierarchy and Revolt 1320-1450 – George Holmes, Fontana 1984<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Fourteenth
Century – May McKisack, Oxford University Press 1997<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">A Distant
Mirror – Barbara Tuchman, Papermac 1989<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip the
Bold – Richard Vaughan, Boydell Press 2011<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Flower
of Chivalry – Richard Vernier, Boydell Press 2003<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<a href="http://www.maisonstclaire.org/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">www.maisonstclaire.org</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<a href="http://www.wikipedia.en/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">www.wikipedia.en</span></span></a><!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--><br />
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
He ceded the title to his brother Philip when their father died<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Died at the age of two</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Died the following year<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Died at </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincourt"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Agincourt</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Married </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeus_VIII_of_Savoy" title="Amadeus VIII of Savoy"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Amadeus
VIII, Duke of Savoy</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Also died at Agincourt<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Who was paid 5,000 francs a month for his pains; </span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">In 2016 the relative: </span></strong><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">historic standard of
living</span></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth
is £2,884,000.00, </span></span><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of that
income or wealth is £34,210,000.00, </span></span><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic status</span></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of
that income or wealth is £96,040,000.00, </span></span><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic power</span></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £1,979,000,000.00 </span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></a><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span><a href="http://www.maisonstclaire.org/resources/chronicles/froissart/book_1/ch_301-331/fc_b1_chap325.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">http://www.maisonstclaire.org/resources/chronicles/froissart/book_1/ch_301-331/fc_b1_chap325.html</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
His lawyers claimed that the yielding of sovereignty violated the oath of
homage given to the kings of France by the kings of England for their French
possessions<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
He was Edward’s son-in-law, bring married to Princess </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella,_Countess_of_Bedford"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Isabella</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
when a hostage for King John. De Coucy had been given the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Bedford"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">earldom of Bedford</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">.
Isabella was the apple of her father’s eye and was loath to live away from his
court<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
A Distant Mirror - Tuchman<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn12" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_edn12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span><a href="http://www.maisonstclaire.org/resources/chronicles/froissart/book_1/ch_301-331/fc_b1_chap325.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">http://www.maisonstclaire.org/resources/chronicles/froissart/book_1/ch_301-331/fc_b1_chap325.html</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn13" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_edn13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Chronicles - Froissart<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn14" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_edn14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[xiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Known as Albert with the
pigtail<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn15" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_edn15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Both men called themselves </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rulers_of_Austria" title="Rulers of Austria"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Duke of Austria</span></span></a><u><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">although they shared the duchy</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div>
</div>
<div id="edn16" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_edn16" style="mso-endnote-id: edn16;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">In 2016
the relative: </span></strong><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">historic standard of living</span></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
value of that income or wealth is £76,410,000.00, </span></span><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of that income or wealth is £702,600,000.00, </span></span><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic status</span></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £1,959,000,000.00, </span></span><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic power</span></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £41,270,000,000.00 </span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></a><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn17" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_edn17" style="mso-endnote-id: edn17;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Whose dowry was 200,000 francs while Philip gave his daughter no dowry at all.
Margaret of Bavaria’s dowry was worth </span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">the relative: </span></strong><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">historic standard of living</span></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
value of that income or wealth is £149,900,000.00, </span></span><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of that income or wealth is £1,387,000,000.00, </span></span><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic status</span></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £3,842,000,000.00, </span></span><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic power</span></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £84,330,000,000.00 </span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></a><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn18" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_edn18" style="mso-endnote-id: edn18;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xviii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">In 2016
the relative: </span></strong><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">historic standard of living</span></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
value of that income or wealth is £25,480,000.00, </span></span><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of that income or wealth is £235,700,000.00, </span></span><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic status</span></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £653,100,000.00, </span></span><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic power</span></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £14,340,000,000.00 </span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></a><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn19" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_edn19" style="mso-endnote-id: edn19;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">In 2016
the relative: </span></strong><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">historic standard of living</span></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
value of that income or wealth is £58,460,000.00, </span></span><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of that income or wealth is £540,800,000.00, </span></span><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic status</span></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £1,498,000,000.00, </span></span><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic power</span></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £32,890,000,000.00 </span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn20" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_edn20" style="mso-endnote-id: edn20;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xx]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Leopold had originally been promised Margaret for his son, but he accepted the
substitution of Catherine<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn21" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20IV.docx" name="_edn21" style="mso-endnote-id: edn21;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xxi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">She died in 1399</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Helen Lashbrookhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14806155400041511316noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2785735485564651497.post-63533888338402825142018-02-12T00:33:00.002-08:002018-02-13T00:03:15.626-08:00Philip the Bold III
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Lo%C3%ADsd'Anjau.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="455" data-original-width="363" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Lo%C3%ADsd'Anjau.jpg" width="318" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Louis d'Anjou</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">A New King<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Very much in
love with his wife </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I,_Duke_of_Anjou"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Louis</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjou"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Duke of Anjou</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, John’s second son and a hostage for John’s behaviour,
absconded and returned home to be with his wife. With the escape of Louis, John
decided that the only thing a man of honour could do was to return to captivity
in England in his son’s place, despite his advisers begging him not to do so.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘No-one could dissuade him
from his purpose, although he was strongly advised against it, several of the
French prelates and barons telling him that it would be a most hazardous step
to place himself in the King of England’s power.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Within three
months John fell ill with some undiagnosed illness</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and died. He was just
forty-four. A million florins</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> were still owed on his
ransom leaving the hostages languishing in England. Jean’s third son, the Duke
of Berry excused himself and made so many excuses not to return to captivity
that eventually the English gave up trying to persuade him to return.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The death of
King John in April 1364, while still in captivity, brought the Dauphin Charles
to throne as the fifth of that name. He confirmed his father’s gift of Burgundy
to Philip in June and Philip’s lieutenancy was extended to cover </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Lyons</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2con"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Mâcon</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autun"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Autun</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalon-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Chalons</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langres"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Langres</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">The Soldier<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ersterklosterhof.jpg/800px-Ersterklosterhof.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="547" data-original-width="800" height="272" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ersterklosterhof.jpg/800px-Ersterklosterhof.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">La Charité sur Loire</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In the
summer of 1364 Charles sent Philip to deal with the free companies still at
large in the French countryside.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘The king of France sent his
brother…. against these pillagers….He went and laid siege to the castle of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March%C3%A9ville"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Marcheville</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">….
He ordered many machines to be brought from </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartres"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Chartres</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">, by
which he flung into it stones and other things day and night, that much annoyed
the garrison.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip was
not an exceptional soldier, although there was no denying his personal bravery
on the battlefield. Not long after the attack on Marcheville, in August Charles
sent Philip to capture a castle near Rouen, held by followers of Charles of
Navarre. From there he was diverted in September to </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Charit%C3%A9-sur-Loire"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">La Charité-sur-Loire</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> to fight with the Constable </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Fiennes"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Robert de Fiennes</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> against more Navarrois and a number of English
adventurers. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Arms_of_Louis_of_Navarre%2C_Count_of_Beaumont-le-Roger.svg/202px-Arms_of_Louis_of_Navarre%2C_Count_of_Beaumont-le-Roger.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="240" data-original-width="202" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Arms_of_Louis_of_Navarre%2C_Count_of_Beaumont-le-Roger.svg/202px-Arms_of_Louis_of_Navarre%2C_Count_of_Beaumont-le-Roger.svg.png" width="268" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Arms of Louis of Dorazzo</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Charles of
Navarre’s brother </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Durazzo"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Louis</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> attempted to raise the siege with
the aid of the English but was ordered by Charles to withdraw to </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbourg-Octeville"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Cherbourg</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Charles V then authorised Philip to
treat with the garrison of La Charité to persuade them to surrender. Having
undertaken this commission Philip returned to Paris. He was also involved in
the siege and capture of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogent-sur-Seine"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Nogent-sur-Seine</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> in January 1365. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The next
four years were relatively quiet and Philip spent much of his time harrying the
free companies harassing his domains. By 1369 Philip was involved in an
elaborate plan of his brother’s to invade England as hostilities between the
two nations had resumed. Charles had summonsed the Black Prince to appear
before him to answer complaints made against him as lord of Aquitaine. The
Black Prince refused, killing the councillors sent to make the summons.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">A Royal Wedding<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Marketa_Filip1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="304" height="640" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Marketa_Filip1.jpg" width="241" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Marguerite and Philip</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In 1365 the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Holy Roman Emperor</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Charles IV</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> proposed a marriage between Philip
and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Slavonia"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Elizabeth</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, one of the nieces of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Louis I</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Hungary"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">King of Hungary</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Another proposal that Philip marry </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violante_Visconti"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Violante</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, the daughter of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeazzo_II_Visconti"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Galeazzo II Visconti</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, was not approved by the royal
family when it was made in 1367 by a French adventurer Jehan de Beaumont who
was able to con Visconti out of 20,000 florins</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> while posing as an
ambassador from Charles V. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">On 19<sup>th</sup>
June 1369 Philip was married to </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_III,_Countess_of_Flanders"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Marguerite de Dampierre</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, daughter of the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II,_Count_of_Flanders"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Count of Flanders</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;">[vii]</span></u></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Margaret had previously been
affianced to Philip’s predecessor as Duke of Burgundy, Philip de Rouvres.
Edward III was keen to get hands on this heiress for his son </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_of_Langley,_1st_Duke_of_York"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Edmund of Langley</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and was prepared to pledge Calais
and 170,000 livres</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">
to her father. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Marguerite
and Edmund were within the fourth degree of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consanguinity"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">consanguinity</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and this needed a </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispensation_(canon_law)#Papal_dispensation"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">papal dispensation</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> to marry. The pope, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_V"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Urban V</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, was French and Charles pressured him into refusing Edward’s request. To
obtain the Count’s permission to the match Charles had to cede to him the towns
and dependencies of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lille"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Lille</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douai"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Douai</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchies"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Orchies</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and pay him 200,000 livres</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">After a
respectable interval Urban granted Philip and Marguerite a dispensation to
marry and join the lands of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Flanders"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Flanders</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and Burgundy to create a state within a state. Philip, now
27, sent throughout Europe for jewels for his new wife; Marguerite had a
passion for jewellery and Philip showered her with diamonds, emeralds, rubies
and a pearl necklace purchased for 11,000 livres</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The marriage
took place in </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Ghent</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and three coffers of precious gifts
were forwarded there for Philip to give as gifts to the wedding guests and the
local burghers; they were also used as prizes for the tournaments. Philip was
determined to impress the Flemings, his future subjects. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘They proceeded to the
marriage, which was celebrated in the city of Ghent. There were great feasts at
the solemnity of the wedding, and afterwards, which were attended by crowds of
lords, barons and knights.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip
attended mass assiduously and made conspicuous offerings to the church. After
his marriage to Marguerite Philip presented the statue of the Virgin Mary in </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournai_Cathedral"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Tournai Cathedral</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> with a cloth of gold cloak and mantle lined with </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniver"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">miniver</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and embroidered with
the newly wedded couples joint coats of arms.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Return to the Fight<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Tournehem.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="406" data-original-width="500" height="323" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Tournehem.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tournehem</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In July
Charles handed command of the invasion of England to Philip; he was in command
of one thousand lances. Philip sent for a confessor to accompany him, but the
attack was forestalled by an English attack launched from Calais by John of
Gaunt. Charles was forced to send Philip and his army against the English. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The French
marched towards Calais and in August camped on a small eminence at </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournehem-sur-la-Hem"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Tournehem</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_ednref13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> within a league of Gaunt’s
encampment. He challenged John of Gaunt to a fixed battle, the date was fixed
but, inexplicably, although he had the larger army Philip chose to retreat,
allowing the English to maraud through Normandy. It has been claimed that
Philip did not have the wherewithal to pay his troops, but it is possible that
his failings as a military leader betrayed him.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Jean_Fouquet_-_Remise_de_l'%C3%A9p%C3%A9e_de_connetable_%C3%A0_Bertrand_Duguesclin_-_Enluminure_(XVe_si%C3%A8cle).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="351" data-original-width="301" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Jean_Fouquet_-_Remise_de_l'%C3%A9p%C3%A9e_de_connetable_%C3%A0_Bertrand_Duguesclin_-_Enluminure_(XVe_si%C3%A8cle).jpg" width="342" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Charles V (L) makes Bertrand du Guesclin (C) Constable</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Between
1370, when Charles made Bertrand du Guesclin the Constable of France</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_ednref14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">, and 1372 Philip
participated in the re-conquest of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitou"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Poitou</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> from the English. The main drivers of the campaigns were du Guesclin and
Louis of Anjou. Philip and his brother Berry’s roles mainly involved producing
the troops, although they both led their men in action. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In 1372
Philip fought with du Guesclin in Aquitaine besieging and capturing a number of
English castles. He also harassed John of Gaunt’s army in 1373 as it made its <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_(military)"><span style="color: blue;">grande chévauchée</span></a> </i>across
France in an attempt to relieve Aquitaine. It was a bold move that changed
nothing.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘They [Gaunt and his army] marched
through various narrow passes and defiles, but kept in close and good order.
The council of the king of France therefore said to him: “Let them go; by their
smoke alone they cannot deprive you of your kingdom: they will be tired soon,
and their force will dissolve away…. thus it will befal these English.”’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_ednref15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip was
able to divert the English from Paris and fertile regions of the south. Charles
did not call upon his brother for military service again until 1377 by which
time most of France was back in French hands, bar the lands around Calais</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_ednref16" style="mso-endnote-id: edn16;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Philip was involved in
wresting a number of castles near Calais from the English. The plan had been to
retake Calais but the weather and the failure of the French fleet to cooperate
with the land forces, put paid to the idea.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Edward III –
Bryan Bevan, the Rubicon Press 1992<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Chronicles –
Froissart, Penguin Books 1968<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Europe:
Hierarchy and Revolt 1320-1450 – George Holmes, Fontana 1984<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Fourteenth
Century – May McKisack, Oxford University Press 1997<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Perfect
King – Ian Mortimer, Vintage Books 2008<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">A Distant
Mirror – Barbara Tuchman, Papermac 1989<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip the
Bold – Richard Vaughan, Boydell Press 2011<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Flower
of Chivalry – Richard Vernier, Boydell Press 2003<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<a href="http://www.maisonstclaire.org/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">www.maisonstclaire.org</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<a href="http://www.wikipedia.en/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">www.wikipedia.en</span></span></a><!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--><br />
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Chronicles - Froissart<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Possibly over-indulgence at the table as John was over fond of good food and
wine and indulged himself.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In 2016 the relative: </span></strong><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">historic standard of
living</span></u></em><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #333300;"> </span>value of that income
or wealth is £579,600,000.00; </span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></u></em><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #333300;"> </span>of
that income or wealth is £7,488,000,000.00; </span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic status</span></u></em><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #333300;"> </span>value of that income or wealth is
£15,330,000,000.00; </span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic power</span></u></em><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #333300;"> </span>value
of that income or wealth is £312,800,000,000.00 </span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></a><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span><a href="http://www.maisonstclaire.org/resources/chronicles/froissart/book_1/ch_201-225/fc_b1_chap223.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">http://www.maisonstclaire.org/resources/chronicles/froissart/book_1/ch_201-225/fc_b1_chap223.html</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
She was to marry </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_of_Antwerp,_1st_Duke_of_Clarence"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Lionel
of Antwerp</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, son of Edward III<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In 2016 the relative:</span></strong><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></strong><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">historic standard of
living</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or
wealth is £13,070.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of
that income or wealth is £148,100.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic status</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £348,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic power</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £7,053,000.00 </span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></a><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
In 1356 Philip’s future father-in-law had marched his army into </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Brabant</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> and forced </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Luxembourg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Duke
Wenzel of Luxembourg</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> to cede his rights in the two major towns of his
duchy, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechelen"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Malines</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Antwerp</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> to Louis de Male and
recognise his right to inherit the duchy upon Wenzel’s death<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In 2016 the relative:</span></strong><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></strong><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">historic standard of
living</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or
wealth is £103,600,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of
that income or wealth is £1,262,000,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic status</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £3,123,000,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic power</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £63,410,000,000.00 </span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></a><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
As were Marguerite and Philip<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In 2016 the relative: </span></strong><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">historic standard of
living</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or
wealth is £121,900,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of
that income or wealth is £1,485,000,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic status</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £3,675,000,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic power</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £74,600,000,000.00 </span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></a><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In 2016 the relative: </span></strong><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">historic standard of
living</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or
wealth is £6,706,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of
that income or wealth is £81,670,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic status</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £202,100,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic power</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £4,103,000,000.00 </span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></a><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn12" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_edn12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span><a href="http://www.maisonstclaire.org/resources/chronicles/froissart/book_1/ch_251-275/fc_b1_chap258.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">http://www.maisonstclaire.org/resources/chronicles/froissart/book_1/ch_251-275/fc_b1_chap258.html</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn13" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_edn13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Near </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardres"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Ardres</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn14" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_edn14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
See </span><a href="http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2014/07/bertrand-du-guesclin-iv.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2014/07/bertrand-du-guesclin-iv.html</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn15" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_edn15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span><a href="http://www.maisonstclaire.org/resources/chronicles/froissart/book_1/ch_301-331/fc_b1_chap317.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">http://www.maisonstclaire.org/resources/chronicles/froissart/book_1/ch_301-331/fc_b1_chap317.html</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn16" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20III.docx" name="_edn16" style="mso-endnote-id: edn16;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Both Edward III, who was now in his dotage, and the Black Prince, who was dying,
were incapable of leading the fight back which was left to John of Gaunt who
was not their equal<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Helen Lashbrookhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14806155400041511316noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2785735485564651497.post-42201361164339242742018-02-05T02:49:00.000-08:002018-02-05T23:38:12.243-08:00Philip the Bold II
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Jacquerie_meaux.jpg/689px-Jacquerie_meaux.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="689" height="347" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Jacquerie_meaux.jpg/689px-Jacquerie_meaux.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">the Jacquerie</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">The </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacquerie"><span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Jacquerie</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Outside
Paris the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_company"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Free Companies</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> were creating havoc; their manpower was
provided by English soldiers released from service by the Black Prince after
Poitiers</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20II.docx" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Support from the
provinces for the Dauphin, allied with public disgust at their failure to deal
with the scourge of the free companies meant that, in August 1357, the Dauphin
felt emboldened to dismiss his council of twenty-eight. And it was now that
Marcel allied with Charles of Navarre who arrived in Paris to press his own
claim to the throne. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In January
1358, on the pretext of rescuing a man accused of murdering the Dauphin’s
treasurer Marcel unleashed a wave of terror, starting with the murder of two of
the Dauphin’s marshals in front of the Dauphin himself, along with the killing
of another of Charles’ councillors. These killings cost Marcel what little
support he had from the nobility.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/De_Grailly_1430.jpg/438px-De_Grailly_1430.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="438" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/De_Grailly_1430.jpg/438px-De_Grailly_1430.jpg" width="291" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Captal de Buch</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">By May 1358
the Jacquerie revolt had begun at Marcel’s instigation, allegedly started
because of the Dauphin’s order that the nobles in the environs of Paris should
fortify and provision their castles in an attempt to forestall any action by
Marcel. The peasants blamed the nobility for the miseries of their own lives
and the capture of the king, claiming that;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘They shamed and despoiled
the realm, and it would be a good thing to destroy them all.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20II.docx" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Marcel
encouraged the enraged peasantry to attack the propertied, an action which
promptly lost him the support of those who owned property, noble or not. His
next action, that of sending a gang to attack the royal family sheltering at </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaux"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Meaux</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, lost him a lot more. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The
Dauphin’s wife and children were rescued by an English noble, the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_III_de_Grailly,_captal_de_Buch"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Captal de Buch</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and his French cousin, the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_III,_Count_of_Foix"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Count of Foix</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Along with a company of forty </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lances_fournies"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">lances</span><span style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;">[iii]</span></u></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">
</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">the two men engaged
the peasantry as they attacked the fortress. This outrage brought the nobility
back in line and the revolt was swiftly crushed and led to the fall of Marcel.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Upsetting the Treaty<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/ReimsCathedral-01s.jpg/420px-ReimsCathedral-01s.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="420" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/ReimsCathedral-01s.jpg/420px-ReimsCathedral-01s.jpg" width="280" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rheims cathedral</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The turmoil
in Paris and its environs meant that collecting monies to pay John’s ransom was
problematical. The </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1359)"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Treaty of London</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20II.docx" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> in January 1358, in which John
traded half his kingdom for his freedom, set John’s ransom at four million gold
eçus</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20II.docx" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">, payment of which in fixed
instalments was to be guaranteed by forty noble French hostages. If there was
any obstruction to the ceding of the agreed territories</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20II.docx" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> John was to pay for
Edward’s cost of sending in his army.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Dauphin,
who had done a lot of growing up since Poitiers, and his council were loath to
agree to the terms that John had conceded to the enemy. The Estates General
were convened and their answer to the treaty was disparaging;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘The Treaty was displeasing
at all the people of France and intolerable, and for this ordered war to be
made on England.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20II.docx" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Edward was
outraged at the French response and in October 1359 he and his four sons
embarked on a no expenses spared campaign on the continent. The English made
for </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Rheims</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20II.docx" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> where Edward was determined to be
crowned king of France. Intending to live off the land, the English found poor
pickings in a countryside already devastated by war and the ravages of the free
companies. The French were unhelpful in that they failed to field an army
against them. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">A Winter Campaign</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/PhilippeRouvre.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="210" data-original-width="282" height="297" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/PhilippeRouvre.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Coin of Philip de Rouvre</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Edward
arrived in Rheims in December, but the city was closed against him and stoutly
defended. The countryside around had been denuded of anything that could
succour the English and buildings had been destroyed to prevent their usage by
Edward’s army. The siege was lifted after forty days, as the English ran out of
provisions and instead headed for the rich pickings to be found in </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Burgundy</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">. <o:p></o:p></span></u></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">After
two months</span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_I,_Duke_of_Burgundy"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Philip de Rouvres</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">, Duke of </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Burgundy, paid Edward large sums of
money to have the scourge of the English army directed elsewhere. Edward then
turned his attention to Paris, having heard the news that the French had
attacked </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchelsea"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Winchelsea</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> in a botched attempt to rescue John
who had been transferred to the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Tower of London</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20II.docx" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/20160626T110859IMG_3575-HDR-2.jpg/800px-20160626T110859IMG_3575-HDR-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="534" data-original-width="800" height="266" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/20160626T110859IMG_3575-HDR-2.jpg/800px-20160626T110859IMG_3575-HDR-2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">the Strand Gate Winchelsea</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Early in
April the English heralds called for the French to come out of their besieged
city and do battle, knowing full well that a pitched battle was to England’s
advantage. The Dauphin refused to comply and after a week Edward turned his
army in the direction of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartres"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Chartres</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> where the English army was struck by
the heavens, causing more havoc than the French had; men and horses were killed
by outsize hailstones, tents torn up by the wind, the baggage train dragged
through mud and the resultant floods. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘Wherfor unto thys day many
men callen it Black Monday.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20II.docx" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Papal envoys
and the Dauphin had been requesting terms for some time and now, with this sign
from God, Edward accepted the advice of John of Gaunt, that it was time to come
to an agreement.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Return to France<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Map-_France_at_the_Treaty_of_Bretigny.jpg/478px-Map-_France_at_the_Treaty_of_Bretigny.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="478" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Map-_France_at_the_Treaty_of_Bretigny.jpg/478px-Map-_France_at_the_Treaty_of_Bretigny.jpg" width="317" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">France at the Treaty of Bretigny</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">On 8<sup>th</sup>
May 1360 the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Br%C3%A9tigny"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Treaty of Brétigny</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20II.docx" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;">[xi]</span></u></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> was agreed between Edward and John;
it was to end the first phase of what was to become known as the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Hundred Years’ War</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. The treaty was signed by the Black
Prince and the Dauphin. The part of the agreement whereby the English agreed to
drop their claim to the throne of France was dropped from the treaty, thereby
causing much resentment in France. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Desperate
for money to pay his ransom John hit on the idea of selling his daughter
Isabelle to </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Visconti"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Gian Galeazzo Visconti</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, the nine year old son of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeazzo_II_Visconti"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Galeazzo II Visconti</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Duke of Milan</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, for the sum of 600,000 gold florins</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20II.docx" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">. In return for his
release a number of the French nobility were taken as hostages against payment
of John’s ransom, including Philip of Orléans. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">After father
and son finally returned home John was moved to grant his son the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touraine"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">duchy of Touraine</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, a relatively minor duchy. John had remained popular with
his people, despite his capture by the English which the French blamed on
traitors who sold out France to the enemy. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">When Philip
de<u> Rouvres<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> died</span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext;"> </span></span></u>on 21<sup>st</sup> November 1361
leaving no heirs, John laid claim to the dukedom</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20II.docx" name="_ednref13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">. He may have planned to
incorporate Burgundy into the royal domains, but the Burgundians were not
predisposed to this idea. Instead John on 27<sup>th</sup> June 1363 appointed
his youngest son as his Lieutenant-General and granted him the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appanage"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">apanage</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> in perpetuity of the duchy, making Philip first peer of France<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><u>. <o:p></o:p></u></span></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Bataille_de_Cocherel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="305" data-original-width="425" height="286" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Bataille_de_Cocherel.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Battle of Cocherel</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Philip
surrendered his duchy of Touraine back to his father. </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">John planned to marry Philip to </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_I_of_Naples"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Joanna of Naples</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> in the hope of extending French influence in Italy,
but Joanna was not interested in the offer despite support from </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_V"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Pope Urban V</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">.<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">One
of the side effects of John’s gift of the duchy of Burgundy to Philip was to
drive Charles of Navarre to declare war on France</span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20II.docx" name="_ednref14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. He launched his attacks on Burgundy
and from his strongholds outside of Paris</span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20II.docx" name="_ednref15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. He was joined by English soldiers
laid off by the peace of Brétigny. The two sides met at </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cocherel"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Cocherel</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> where a new star was born;<u> </u></span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_du_Guesclin"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Bertrand du Guesclin</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20II.docx" name="_ednref16" style="mso-endnote-id: edn16;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;">[xvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="color: blue;"><u> </u></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">was hailed as the ‘best knight in the field.’ Du Guesclin led
the French to victory, crushing Navarrese hopes again.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In the
spring of 1361 the plague erupted again in Europe and England. No respecter of
rank, the plague hit common man and noble alike. The </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_V,_Count_of_Saint-Pol"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Count of St Pol</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, one of Edward’s hostages, died as
did John of Gaunt’s father-in-law, the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Grosmont,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Duke of Lancaster</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> whose dukedom was promptly granted
to John of Gaunt. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Edward III –
Bryan Bevan, the Rubicon Press 1992<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Hundred
Years War – Alfred Burne, Folio Society 2005<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Chronicles –
Froissart, Penguin Books 1968<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Europe:
Hierarchy and Revolt 1320-1450 – George Holmes, Fontana 1984<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Fourteenth
Century – May McKisack, Oxford University Press 1997<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Perfect
King – Ian Mortimer, Vintage Books 2008<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">A Distant
Mirror – Barbara Tuchman, Papermac 1989<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip the
Bold – Richard Vaughan, Boydell Press 2011<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Flower
of Chivalry – Richard Vernier, Boydell Press 2003<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<a href="http://www.wikipedia.en/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">www.wikipedia.en</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--><br />
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20II.docx" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
To avoid having to pay them further<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20II.docx" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
A Distant Mirror - Tuchman<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20II.docx" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Totalling about 120 men<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20II.docx" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
The treaty gave </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Normandy</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjou"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Anjou</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_(province)"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Maine</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquitaine"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Aquitaine</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and Calais to the
English<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20II.docx" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In 2016 the relative:</span></strong><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></strong><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">historic standard of
living</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or
wealth is £2,558,000,000.00; </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of
that income or wealth is £35,420,000,000.00; </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic status</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £69,190,000,000.00; </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic power</span></u></em><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #333300;"> value of that income or wealth is £1,385,000,000,000.00</span>
</span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20II.docx" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Stretching from Calais to the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenees"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Pyrenees</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20II.docx" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
A Distant Mirror - Tuchman<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20II.docx" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The traditional site for the coronation of French kings<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20II.docx" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Following rumours of the possibility of a rescue attempt<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20II.docx" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
A Distant Mirror - Tuchman<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20II.docx" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Handing Aquitaine to the English without French suzerainty over the region<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn12" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20II.docx" name="_edn12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Half the monies to be paid upfront. </span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In 2016 the
relative:</span></strong><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></strong><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">historic standard of living</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £401,100,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of that income or wealth is £4,976,000,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic status</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £10,380,000,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic power</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £207,800,000,000.00 </span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></a><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn13" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20II.docx" name="_edn13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
De Rouvres had been a nephew of John’s wife<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn14" style="mso-element: endnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20II.docx" name="_edn14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
He had a valid claim on the duchy<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn15" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20II.docx" name="_edn15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Charles was also Count of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89vreux"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Évreux</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
and held the fortresses of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melun"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Melun</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">,
</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantes-la-Ville"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Mantes</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolleboise"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Rolleboise</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> all within close
proximity of the capital<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn16" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold%20II.docx" name="_edn16" style="mso-endnote-id: edn16;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
An employee of the Duke of Orléans <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Helen Lashbrookhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14806155400041511316noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2785735485564651497.post-12907161640840652902018-01-29T01:56:00.002-08:002018-01-30T00:44:51.896-08:00Philip the Bold<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "papyrus"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Launching the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War"><span style="font-family: "papyrus"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Hundred Years War</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "papyrus"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bonne_of_Luxembourg%2C_with_her_husband_Jean.jpg/530px-Bonne_of_Luxembourg%2C_with_her_husband_Jean.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="530" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bonne_of_Luxembourg%2C_with_her_husband_Jean.jpg/530px-Bonne_of_Luxembourg%2C_with_her_husband_Jean.jpg" width="353" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bonne and John</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Born in </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoise"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Pontoise</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">, on 17<sup>th</sup> January 1342, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Bold"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Philip the Bold</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> was the youngest son of the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauphin_of_France"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Dauphin of France</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_France"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">John II</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><u><span style="color: blue;">,</span></u></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> and his wife </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonne_of_Bohemia"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Bonne of Bohemia</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">. Philip was named after his grandfather </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Philip VI</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">, King of France.<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> Bonne</span></span> died of the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plague"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">plague</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> in 1349 when Philip was seven. Bonne also had six daughters,
two of whom predeceased her, Margaret died in 1352. </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Valois,_Queen_of_Navarre"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Joan</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> was born the year after Philip, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_of_France,_Duchess_of_Bar"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Marie</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> born in 1344 and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella,_Countess_of_Vertus"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Isabelle</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> in 1348.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">In July 1346,
when Philip was four years old, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Edward III</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> of England launched a major invasion
of France</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial";"> and on 26<sup>th</sup>
August the English annihilated the French, who were caught unawares, at the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Battle of Crécy</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">. The chronicler </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteo_Villani"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Matteo Villani</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> wrote;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "constantia" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘The English guns cast iron
balls by means of fire. They made a noise like thunder and caused much loss in
men and horses….the whole plain was covered by men struck down by the arrows
and cannonballs.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "constantia" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg/683px-Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="683" height="351" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg/683px-Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Battle of Crecy</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Over 1,500
French lords and captains died along with 10,000 other ranks. King Philip fled
to </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Amiens</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> and Edward cast his eyes on </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Calais</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> to regroup and re-victualise his army.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He proceeded to </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1346%E2%80%9347)"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">besiege</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> the town which fell to the English
in 1347. Edward III allied himself with </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Navarre"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Charles the Bad</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">, the </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">king of Navarre</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> who had been offered the hand of Joan of France, albeit
without any dowry. Charles had been turned down as </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constable_of_France"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Constable of France</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> in favour of </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_La_Cerda"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Don Carlos de la Cerda</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">, and now Charles was prepared to make
John pay for what he deemed insults. </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Philips’
grandfather King Philip did not die until August 1350 when Philip was eight.
John lacked his father’s capabilities, lacking any subtlety; he was a bluff
cheerful man.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "papyrus"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Poitiers </span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Cernoch.jpg/431px-Cernoch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="431" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Cernoch.jpg/431px-Cernoch.jpg" width="287" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">the Black Prince</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">In September
1355 the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward,_the_Black_Prince"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Black Prince</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> conducted a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">grande</i> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevauch%C3%A9e"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">chevauchée</span></span></i></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> from Bordeaux to Narbonne and back. In
the spring of 1356 John gathered together a mighty army to put in the field
against the invaders. He and his military advisers lacked the strategic
brilliance of the Black Prince and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Chandos"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Sir John Chandos</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">On 19<sup>th</sup>
September 1356 the two sides met again at the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Battle of Poitiers</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">; once again the English routed the French army. In
the midst of battle the Dauphin </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V_of_France"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Charles</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> fled the fighting while his father
laid about himself with his battle-axe cheered on by the fourteen year old
Philip, who cried out warnings to his father;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "constantia" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘Beware father to the right,
beware to the left.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "constantia" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Philip’s
exemplary behaviour during the frenzy of battle meant that thereafter he was
endowed with the soubriquet of Philip the Bold.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Battle-poitiers(1356).jpg/687px-Battle-poitiers(1356).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="687" height="348" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Battle-poitiers(1356).jpg/687px-Battle-poitiers(1356).jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Battle of Poitiers</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">John II was
taken prisoner during the battle despite having dressed nineteen members of his
entourage in identical raiment to himself. In the aftermath of John’s capture
English lords jostled to claim him as prisoner when he told them<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "constantia" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘I am so great a lord that I
can make all of you rich.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "constantia" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Chivalry was
set aside when it became a question of making money from ransoms and booty; aside
from John’s ransom the English made over £300,000</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial";"> in money from this one
battle alone, more than covering Edward’s outlay for the war that year.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "papyrus"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Captivity</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/67/SavoyPalace1650Hollar.jpg/800px-SavoyPalace1650Hollar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="507" data-original-width="800" height="252" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/67/SavoyPalace1650Hollar.jpg/800px-SavoyPalace1650Hollar.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Savoy Palace</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Philip and
his father were taken to England while Edward awaited the payment of John’s
ransom. He was paraded through the city of London on a;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "constantia" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘Whyte courser, well
apparelled, and the prince on a lyttell black hobbey by hym.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "constantia" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Father and
son were to spend the first months of their captivity at the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy_Palace"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Palace of the Savoy</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">, recently built by Edward’s third son </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Gaunt"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">John of Gaunt,</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Lancaster"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Duke of Lancaster</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> at a cost of 52,000 marks</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial";">. They were frequently
visited by Edward and his queen </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippa_of_Hainault"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Philippa of Hainault</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">. Philip played chess with the Black
Prince and was taught the art of falconry by the French royal chaplain, Gace de
la Buigne</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial";">,
who had gone into captivity to be with his master. John and Philip were guarded
to ensure they did not escape and to prevent any attempt at a rescue. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Curfew_Tower%2C_Windsor_Castle.jpg/344px-Curfew_Tower%2C_Windsor_Castle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="344" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Curfew_Tower%2C_Windsor_Castle.jpg/344px-Curfew_Tower%2C_Windsor_Castle.jpg" width="228" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Windsor Castle</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">The first
winter of their imprisonment John and Philip were treated to extravagant
festivities by the English court, including a tournament held by torchlight. In
the summer John and Philip were moved to </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Castle"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Windsor Castle</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> where they were able to enjoy hunting and hawking. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">A number of
the imprisoned French nobles were placed on parole to enable them to visit
their monarch. </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languedoc"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Languedoc</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial";">
sent a delegation of nobles and bourgeois and a gift of 10,000 florins</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_ednref13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial";">, along with the
assurance that their lives, goods and fortunes were dedicated to the king’s
delivery from this shameful imprisonment. </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laon"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Laon</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial";"> and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Amiens</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial";"> were among towns that
sent money to succour their monarch.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">John spent
the monies on elaborate clothing for himself, his son and his jester who
received several hats trimmed with ermine, gold and pearls. He also purchased
horses, dogs, falcons, a chess set, an organ, a harp and a clock. In addition
the money from his loyal subjects went towards an astrologer and a ‘king of
minstrels’ along with an orchestra.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">The
negotiations for John’s release were hampered by Edward’s demands; he wanted
outright cession of Guyenne, Calais and all former Plantagenet holdings in
France. In return for that and three million eçus</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_ednref14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial";"> Edward would give up his
claim on the French throne. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "papyrus"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Turmoil in Paris<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/La_Descente_du_Saint-Esprit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="430" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/La_Descente_du_Saint-Esprit.jpg" width="286" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Paris</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">When the
Dauphin returned to Paris after Poitiers he was <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "constantia" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘Received with honour by the
people, grief-stricken by the capture of his father the king.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_ednref15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "constantia" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[xv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">They
believed that the Dauphin would bring about his father’s release and save the
country. John’s capture at Poitiers resulted in a power struggle between the
Dauphin, Regent in his father’s absence, and Charles of Navarre who claimed the
throne of France in his own right. Charles of Navarre was allied with </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Marcel"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Estienne Marcel</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_ednref16" style="mso-endnote-id: edn16;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">, leader of the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm#Third_Estate"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">third Estate</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_ednref17" style="mso-endnote-id: edn17;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> in </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_in_the_Middle_Ages"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Paris</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Instead the
Dauphin found himself beleaguered by Marcel’s plans to contain the monarchy.
The delegates of the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates_General_(France)"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Estates General</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> of Paris met in October and the
Dauphin, embarrassed by his failure at Poitiers had to ask for aid to help
deliver the king from the English and to defend the kingdom. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Robert_le_Coq.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="347" data-original-width="330" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Robert_le_Coq.jpg" width="380" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Robert le Coq (front L)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Marcel
demanded that seven of the most venal of the king’s advisers be dismissed. The
royal advisers were to be replaced by a council of twenty-eight nominated by
the estates and Charles of Navarre was to be released from prison</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_ednref18" style="mso-endnote-id: edn18;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[xviii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial";">. These demands were
deliberately made to pressure the Dauphin who refused the demands. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">The crown’s
opponents were not united which gave the Dauphin some leeway when Marcel tried
to raise Paris against his regency. In March 1357, with a general strike
declared the Dauphin was forced to come to terms with Marcel and his
opportunistic cronies who included </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_le_Coq"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Robert le Coq</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Diocese_of_Laon#Bishops"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Bishop of Laon</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> who longed to be Chancellor of
France and bore a grudge against the Valois rulers of France for failing to
give him the post. Prince Charles was browbeaten into signing off the demands
of his opponents by the threat of mob rule in Paris.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "papyrus"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Edward III –
Bryan Bevan, the Rubicon Press 1992<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">The Hundred
Years War – Alfred Burne, Folio Society 2005<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Chronicles –
Froissart, Penguin Books 1968<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Europe:
Hierarchy and Revolt 1320-1450 – George Holmes, Fontana 1984<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">The Fourteenth
Century – May McKisack, Oxford University Press 1997<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">The Perfect
King – Ian Mortimer, Vintage Books 2008<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Hawkwood –
Frances Stonor Saunders, Faber and Faber 2004<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">A Distant Mirror
– Barbara Tuchman, Papermac 1989<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Philip the
Bold – Richard Vaughan, Boydell Press 2011<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<a href="http://www.wikipedia.en/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">www.wikipedia.en</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> </span></span><!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--><br />
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
Joan was to marry the king of Navarre<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">
She married the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert,_Duke_of_Bar"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Duke
of Bar</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">
She was to marry </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Visconti"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Gian
Galeazzo Visconti</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">
He had put forward his claim to the French throne in 1337 as the only male
grandchild of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Philip
IV</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"> of France. The French chose the grandson of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_France"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Philip III</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
Edward III - Bevan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
Ibid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
Hawkwood - Saunders<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
</span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-weight: normal;">In 2016 the relative: </span></strong><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">historic standard of
living</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> value of that income or
wealth is £197,200,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> of
that income or wealth is £2,412,000,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">economic status</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> value of that income or wealth is £5,411,000,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">economic power</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> value of that income or wealth is £107,800,000,000.00 </span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></a><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
Edward III – Bevan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
</span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-weight: normal;">In 2016 the relative:</span></strong><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"> </span></strong><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">historic opportunity
cost</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> of that project is
£31,810,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">labour cost</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> of that
project is £418,000,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">economic cost</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> of
that project is £18,680,000,000.00 </span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="color: #333300;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
Who had acted has her husband’s regent the previous year<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn12" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_edn12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
Author of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Le Roman de Deduis</i> written
circa 1377, a book of the hunt<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn13" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_edn13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
</span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-weight: normal;">In 2016 the relative: </span></strong><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">historic standard of
living</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> value of that income or
wealth is £6,573,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> of
that income or wealth is £80,390,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">economic status</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> value of that income or wealth is £180,400,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">economic power</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> value of that income or wealth is £3,592,000,000.00 </span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">www.measuringworth.com</span></a></span></span><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn14" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_edn14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
</span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-weight: normal;">In 2016 the relative; </span></strong><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">historic standard of
living</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> value of that income or
wealth is £1,972,000,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> of
that income or wealth is £24,120,000,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">economic status</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> value of that income or wealth is £54,110,000,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">economic power</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> value of that income or wealth is £1,078,000,000,000.00 </span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">www.measuringworth.com</span></a></span></span><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn15" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_edn15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[xv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
A Distant Mirror - Tuchman<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn16" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_edn16" style="mso-endnote-id: edn16;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">The head of a reform movement that
tried to institute a controlled French monarchy, confronting the royal power of
the Dauphin </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn17" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_edn17" style="mso-endnote-id: edn17;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
The other two estates were the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">noblesse
de epée</i> (nobility) and the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">noblesse
de robe</i> (the clergy)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn18" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Bold.docx" name="_edn18" style="mso-endnote-id: edn18;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[xviii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
John had arrested Charles in 1356 for trying to foment discord between John and
his heir<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Helen Lashbrookhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14806155400041511316noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2785735485564651497.post-1351980235965940352018-01-22T00:46:00.002-08:002018-01-23T00:36:27.977-08:00Hungry Coyote III
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Texcotzingo_Second_Level_View.jpg/800px-Texcotzingo_Second_Level_View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="300" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Texcotzingo_Second_Level_View.jpg/800px-Texcotzingo_Second_Level_View.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Texcotzingo</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">The Hanging Gardens <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Nezahualcoyotl
had a favourite residence on the side of a mountain known as </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texcotzingo"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Texcotzingo</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><u><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">.</span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></span></span></u><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">The mountain was a sacred site for
the Aztecs. Nezahualcoyotl’s</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> villa there was surrounded by gardens similar to the palace
gardens in Texcoco. They were embellished with four ritual baths</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20III.docx" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">,
ponds and watercourses; one pond was flanked by the statues of three frogs,
representing the three cities of the Triple Alliance. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The gardens
also contained shrines and a cave where rituals were believed to take place</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20III.docx" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.
The gardens at Texcotzingo were designed to;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘Address the eternal forces
and phenomena seen and experienced in the natural environment.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20III.docx" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The gardens
were extensive, providing food in the way of maize, beans and squash, there was
a collection of medicinal plants in the extensive grounds which were dedicated
to the rain god </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaloc"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Tlaloc</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">. The gardens were used for study of
the plants that were collected from all parts of the Mexica Empire. The gardens
were surrounded by woods through which Nezahualcoyotl used to hunt upon
occasion. It was here too that he entertained his fellow Tlatoani of
Tenochtitlan and Tlacopan. </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Texcotzingo
was used to administer water rights; it was here that Nezahualcoyotl allocated
water sources and aqueducts to specific towns and to his relatives, appointees,
allies and their families. The ceremony was a sign of increasing centralisation
and the personal involvement of the Tlatoani in control of resources.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Prince of Poets<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Huehuetl_Codex_Magliabecchi_page_060.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="143" data-original-width="159" height="359" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Huehuetl_Codex_Magliabecchi_page_060.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Huehuetl drum</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Nezahualcoyotl
was considered by his peers to be the greatest poet of his times. His
compositions influenced other poets both stylistically and content wise; his
thoughts, symbols and use of myth affected Mexican culture. Long after his
death poets would stand by the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huehuetl"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">huehuetl</span></span></i></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> drum and cry <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘I am Nezahualcoyotl, I am Hungry Coyote’</i> and sing his poems to
keep them alive</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20III.docx" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.
The following three poems and portions of poems are examples of his work;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Constantia","serif";">‘I begin to sing, I elevate to the heights the song for He By Whom
All Live. Yayahue ohuaya ohuaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Constantia","serif";">The festive song has arrived: it comes to reach up to the Highest
Arbiter. Oh lords, borrow precious flowers! Ahuayya ohuaya ohuaya.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 5pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Already they are being
renewed: how will I do it? With your branches I adorn myself, I will fly: I am
unfortunate, for that reason I cry. Ohuaya ohuaya.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20III.docx" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">‘Flowers of raven, flowers you scatter, you let
them fall in the house of flowers. Ohuaya ohuyaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Ah, yes: I am happy, I prince NezahualCóyotl,
gathering jewels, wide plumes of quetzal, I contemplate the faces of jades: they
are the princes! I gaze into the faces of Eagles and Jaguars, and behold the
faces of jades and jewels! Ohuaya ohuyaya.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">We will pass away. I, NezahualCóyotl,
say, Enjoy! Do we really live on earth? Ohuaya ohuaya!’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20III.docx" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Chalchiuhtlicue_copy.jpg/800px-Chalchiuhtlicue_copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="357" data-original-width="800" height="177" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Chalchiuhtlicue_copy.jpg/800px-Chalchiuhtlicue_copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chalchuitlicue</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 6pt 0cm 0pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">‘I erect my drum, I assemble my friends. Aya! Here
they find recreation, I make them sing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Thus we must go over There. Remember this. Be
happy. Aya! Oh my friends! Ohuaya ohuaya!</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Perhaps now with calm, and thus it must be over
There? Aya! Perhaps there is also calm There in the Bodyless Place? Aye! Ohuaya
ohuaya! </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Let us go. But here the law of the
flowers governs, here the law of the song governs, here on earth. Ehuaya! Be
happy, dress in finery, oh friends. Ohuaya ohuaya.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20III.docx" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Modern
critics view Nezahualcoyotl’s works as philosophical, showing great depth of
feeling, mourning over the transitory nature of life and enjoyment of life’s
brief pleasures. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Like all
Nahuatl poets Nezahualcoyotl used extended metaphors in his work which followed
the ceremonial language, for instance the waters of lakes, springs and streams
were often referred to as ‘skirt of jade’, one of the names of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalchiuhtlicue"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Chalchuitlicue</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, the goddess of water. Nahuatl poetry used extended metaphors
for not only the gods and goddesses, but also places, actions, heroes and
significant objects and concepts. Poetry was referred to as ‘flowers and song’,
valued items were ‘precious stones, gold, jade, flowers, fine feathers’.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">More than a Poet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Moll_-_A_Map_of_the_West-Indies.png/793px-Moll_-_A_Map_of_the_West-Indies.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="793" height="301" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Moll_-_A_Map_of_the_West-Indies.png/793px-Moll_-_A_Map_of_the_West-Indies.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Isthmus of Tehuantepec and Gulf of Mexico (L)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Nezahualcoyotl was not
only a great lyric poet, but was famed as an architect, engineer, city planner,
warrior, law-giver and philosopher. The cultural institutions he established
included a library of hieroglyphic books and a self-governing academy of
scholars and poets. He transformed Texcoco into a centre for art and culture. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">According to
one Texcocan chronicler Nezahualcoyotl was charitable, often buying items for
twice their worth from the poor and them giving them to the sick and indigent.
In periods of scarcity Nezahualcoyotl would remit taxes from his vassals and
give out donations from the royal granaries. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">From 1450-4
a great famine spread across the central valleys of Mexico. The famine started
with early frosts that killed off the maize cobs in two successive years. Some
sources state that people started selling their children into slavery in return
for food.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The famine
resulted in the Triple Alliance becoming more aggressive and spreading their
armies far and wide to conquer the cities of the valleys. They took the rich
food producing region of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totonacapan"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Totonacapan</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and from there marched onto the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Isthmus of Tehuantepec</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and the coastal region. Following
the famine the Mexica rulers opted to reduce the number of consumers by
increasing human sacrifice, rather than increasing agricultural output.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Quetzalcoatl.svg/400px-Quetzalcoatl.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="575" data-original-width="400" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Quetzalcoatl.svg/400px-Quetzalcoatl.svg.png" width="277" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Quetzalcoatl</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Apparently Nezahualcoyotl,
during a period of fasting at Texcotzingo, had a vision of;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘The unknown God, the Cause
of causes’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20III.docx" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">to whom he
dedicated a mountain top temple which had no replicas of the ‘invisible god’
and nor were blood sacrifices allowed. The only sacrifices permitted were those
of sweet scented gum and flowers. He also reduced the huge numbers of human
sacrifices down to a basic minimum to keep the support of his peoples, but he
taught his children to only give lip service to the bloodthirsty gods.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘He taught his children not
to confide in idols, and only to conform to the outward worship of them from
deference to public opinion.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20III.docx" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Nezahualcoyotl promoted
a renewal of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toltec"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Toltec</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> learning, based on the peaceful religion of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetzalcoatl"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Quetzalcoatl</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, at a time when the Aztec cult of sacrifice was in
the ascendant. All the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatl"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Nahuatl</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">-speaking city-states in the Valley of Mexico
looked to Hungry Coyote's Texcoco as the cultural centre of their world.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Death <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Nezahualpiltzintli.jpg/396px-Nezahualpiltzintli.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="396" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Nezahualpiltzintli.jpg/396px-Nezahualpiltzintli.jpg" width="263" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nezalhualpilli</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The date of
Nezahualcoyotl's death is recorded as being June 4, 1472 at the age of seventy.
Nezahualcoyotl was succeeded as Tlatoani by his eight year old only legitimate
son</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20III.docx" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezahualpilli"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Nezalhualpilli</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20III.docx" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;">[xi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, born in Eight Rabbit (1464) who was
to continue his father’s patronisation of the arts. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Shortly
before his death Nezahualcoyotl called to him those of his children he bestowed
his confidence upon, along with his advisers and the ambassadors from
Tenochtitlan and Tlacopan. Before this audience Nezahualcoyotl bestowed upon
Nezahualpilli his robes of state. He asked one of his sons to guide Nezahualpilli
as he grew and then allegedly said to those assembled; </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘Do not bewail me with idle
lamentations. But sing the song of gladness and show a courageous spirit, that
the nations I have subdued may not believe you disheartened, but may feel that
each one of you is strong enough to keep them in obedience!’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20III.docx" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Nezahualcoyotl
was survived by many concubines and an estimated 110 children. He was deified
after death and enshrined on the sacred mountain. At Texcotzingo personal
shrines to Nezahualcoyotl were erected in the gardens, these had monuments
commemorating his achievements as well as a sculpture of a seated coyote. The
monuments faced east to associate Nezahualcoyotl with the rising sun.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliography <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Ancient
Kingdoms of Mexico – Nigel Davies, Penguin 1985<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The New
World – Nicholas Hordern, Aldus Books/Jupiter Books 1971<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Ancient
American Civilisations – Friedrich Katz, Phoenix Press 2000<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The
Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Aztecs and Maya – Charles Phillips, Hermes
House 2010<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Conquest
of Mexico – WH Prescott, JM Dent and Sons Ltd 1978<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Aztecs –
Richard F Townsend, Thames & Hudson Ltd 2010<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<a href="http://www.red-coral.net/Hungry.html"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">www.red-coral.net/Hungry.html</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<a href="http://www.wkipedia.en/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">www.wkipedia.en</span></span></a><!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--><br />
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20III.docx" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Carved out of the bedrock, these baths were part of a ritual zone on the
mountain about 180’ below the summit<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20III.docx" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The statues and shrines were defaced by the Spaniards during the conquest, as
were all such religious places across the empire<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20III.docx" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The Aztecs – Townsend <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20III.docx" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Poetry was passed on by oral tradition and one of Nezahualcoyotl’s descendants </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Pomar"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Juan Bautista Pomar</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
collated Nezahualcoyotl’s works some fifty plus years after his death. More
works were collected by a Fra Bernardino da Sahagun in the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florentine_Codex"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Florentine Codex</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20III.docx" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span><a href="http://red-coral.net/Hungry.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">http://red-coral.net/Hungry.html</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20III.docx" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Ibid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20III.docx" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Ibid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20III.docx" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The Conquest of Mexico - Prescott<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20III.docx" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Ibid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20III.docx" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
He married late in life<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20III.docx" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Fasting Prince, possibly named after the period of fasting Nezahualcoyotl is
said to have undertaken before Nezhualpilli’s conception<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn12" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20III.docx" name="_edn12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The Conquest of Mexico - Prescott<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Helen Lashbrookhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14806155400041511316noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2785735485564651497.post-20463184417169664072018-01-15T23:57:00.000-08:002018-01-15T23:57:03.310-08:00Hungry Coyote II
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Nezahualcoyotl.jpg/421px-Nezahualcoyotl.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="421" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Nezahualcoyotl.jpg/421px-Nezahualcoyotl.jpg" width="280" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nezhualcoyotl</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Texcoco<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Texcoco was
situated on the eastern bank of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Texcoco"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Lake Texcoco</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20II.docx" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, on the opposite side of the lake
from Tenochtitlan. The eastern lakeshore was fringed by marshes and brackish
water</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20II.docx" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">,
rendering it impossible to use the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinampa"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">chinampa</span></span></i></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> system of agriculture practised in Tenochtitlan</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20II.docx" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.
Texcoco pioneered irrigation works, building a system of canals and aqueducts
bringing fresh water from springs in the mountains to the east of the city, a
system much admired by the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Conquistadors</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘Thanks to the greatness and
industry of the ruler of Tetzcoco</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[Nezahualcoyotl]</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">water was led into canals
from a distance of 2 leagues in order to irrigate the hill. Mountains were
removed and valleys filled up in order that the water might flow by its own
impetus until it reached the top of the hill, where it could then pour
downwards in order to water all trees and plants.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20II.docx" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Relatively
sophisticated hydraulic engineering was required to build these aqueducts and
in several places great embankments were raised to bridge ravines and saddles
in the hills.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The water
from the mountains irrigated the agricultural terraces around Texcoco. These
feats of engineering overseen by Nezahualcoyotl helped increase food
production. In Texcoco the irrigation works led to a stronger economy and an
increase in population and sustained the position of Texcoco as the second city
of the Triple Alliance. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Having
secured his own water supply, Nezahualcoyotl assisted Tenochtitlan to install
irrigation systems on their side of the lake. These systems included dykes
between the salty and freshwater lakes and required the work of tens of
thousands of labourers supplied under compulsion by the other cities of the
region.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Extending Texcoco’s Influence<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Florentine_Codex-_Agriculture.tiff/lossy-page1-394px-The_Florentine_Codex-_Agriculture.tiff.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="394" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Florentine_Codex-_Agriculture.tiff/lossy-page1-394px-The_Florentine_Codex-_Agriculture.tiff.jpg" width="262" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Nezahualcoyotl
encouraged the spread of agriculture across Texcoco; the soil around Lake
Texcoco was exceptionally fertile and farmers could expect two crops a year,
the staple crop being maize</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20II.docx" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.
The lake provided fish and lake eels whose eggs were a highly prized delicacy.
The lakes, in a region where draught animals were not available, were ideal for
transporting goods, acting as a stimulus to trade and political and social
integration. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Under
Nezahualcoyotl’s rule Texcoco was to gain a reputation for learning, gold-work,
jewellery and fine picture manuscripts. Texcoco was the centre of artistic and
intellectual life under the Triple Alliance. Nezahualcoyotl sent invitations to
more than thirty craft groups from throughout the region suggesting that they
might like to settle in Texcoco. He offered craftsman the most favourable
working conditions, drawing in craftsmen who worked textiles, leather workers,
sculptors along with gold and silversmiths. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The city also
grew rich on the back of its merchants who not only traded their manufactured
goods for raw materials but also sold salt and fish with lowland countries</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20II.docx" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.
Nezahualcoyotl also ensured that Texcoco became the premier scientific centre
in the region; the irrigation systems that fed the lake towns with fresh water
were built with the assistance of skilled artisans from Texcoco. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Legal
Matters<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">New councils
were set up to govern Texcoco; a council of war, council of finance and a
council of justice which acted as the final authority for all legal matters,
receiving appeals from provincial courts. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Nezahualcoyotl
created a new legal system, an adaptation of the Mexica system, with eighty
severe and standardized laws; correct behaviour was defined with punishment
meted out impartially. Trials were to be held in specially designated venues
and any judge hearing cases elsewhere<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20II.docx" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
were deemed to have been bribed; their punishment was to be strangled<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20II.docx" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Laws were
enacted matching every crime with its own punishment including treason,
robbery, adultery, homicide, homosexuality, alcohol abuse, misuse of
inheritances, and military misconduct as depicted in the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapa_Quinatzin"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Mapa Quinatzin</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">. Other punishments
included burning, strangulation or stoning. For the crime of adultery there
were different punishments according to the degree of adultery and the status
of those involved.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Adulterers
were stoned, burned, or hanged if they had committed murder because of their
extramarital affair. In cases of military misconduct, for example those
soldiers who did not follow orders or killed captives, the condemned were
hanged or beheaded. Nobles, too, were not immune to such punishments. Sons who
stole from their father’s property were suffocated. Drunkards, incestuous men
and women, and homosexuals were hanged as well.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">A number of
citizens were allowed to join the nobles and professionals on the councils;
they were only barred from a fourth council, the council of state which advised
the Tlatoani. This council was made up of fourteen chiefs who assisted with
official business.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">The Palace<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20II.docx" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The three
Tlatoani of the Triple Alliance arranged the marriages of their lesser lords
and children and required their attendance at court. Nezahualcoyotl used his
numerous children to bond his nobles and their families to him. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In the
cities of the Triple Alliance the Tlatoani was expected to house and feed
members of the nobility in his palace to emphasise the closeness between the
Tlatoani and his nobles and to underline their dependence upon him. The Spanish
estimated the annual consumption figures at Nezahualcoyotl’s palace as;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">’31,600 </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanega"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">fanegas</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20II.docx" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> of
maize, 243 loads of cocoa, 8,000 chickens, 5,000 fanegas of chili, 2,000
measures of salt; and for the clothing of the ruler and the rest of the
nobility in his house….547,010<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20II.docx" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
are registered all made of the finest materials and of great value.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20II.docx" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">After
victories the nobility and warriors would be treated to huge feasts at which
gifts were distributed to all and sundry to underline the relationship between
ruler and ruled. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/05-12-MX_Tetz_Ba%C3%B1o_Rey.jpg/450px-05-12-MX_Tetz_Ba%C3%B1o_Rey.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="450" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/05-12-MX_Tetz_Ba%C3%B1o_Rey.jpg/450px-05-12-MX_Tetz_Ba%C3%B1o_Rey.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bath of the kings</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Nezahualcoyotl
built his three hundred room palace, which covered amount a square mile, and
was surrounded by high adobe walls around two large courtyards. The first
courtyard was used as a market place and the second was surrounded by the
council chamber, in which stood a throne of gold encrusted with turquoise, and the
halls of justice with apartments providing accommodation for foreign
ambassadors, nobles and men of learning. The public archives were kept here too,
along with barracks for the royal guard and the counting houses where Texcoco’s
tribute was stored.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The
Tlatoani’s apartments adjoined this second court and included a harem. The
walls were encrusted with alabaster and stucco work, or hung with tapestries
adorned with feathers. Accommodation was provided nearby for Nezahualcoyotl’s
one hundred and ten children</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20II.docx" name="_ednref13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">
by his wife and numerous concubines. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The ruler’s
apartments let out into the gardens created by Nezahualcoyotl with baths, ponds
filled with exotic fish, and fountains all connected by waterways and fed by
the watercourses from the mountains. Amidst the terraced gardens which had
plants from all over central America were aviaries and a zoo. Birds and animals
that could not be obtained for the zoo were represented by models made in gold
or silver. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliography <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Ancient
Kingdoms of Mexico – Nigel Davies, Penguin 1985<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The New
World – Nicholas Hordern, Aldus Books/Jupiter Books 1971<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Ancient
American Civilisations – Friedrich Katz, Phoenix Press 2000<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The
Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Aztecs and Maya – Charles Phillips, Hermes
House 2010<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Conquest
of Mexico – WH Prescott, JM Dent and Sons Ltd 1978<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Aztecs –
Richard F Townsend, Thames & Hudson Ltd 2010<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<a href="http://www.wkipedia.en/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">www.wkipedia.en</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20II.docx" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Later drained by the Spaniards in an effort to control flooding; mostly covered
now by Mexico City<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20II.docx" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
This salty water lake had a lower level than the other lakes, but in times of
flood could burst its banks and overflow into the sweet water lakes and cause
large amounts of damage to crops. In order to prevent this, dams were built
between the salty and fresh water lakes. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20II.docx" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
See </span><a href="http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2017/06/ahuitzotl.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2017/06/ahuitzotl.html</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20II.docx" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The Ancient American Civilisations - Katz<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20II.docx" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
The Aztecs had two versions of the myth of the creation of maize; in one Quetzalcoatl
turned himself into an ant and brought back maize from the ‘food mountain’. The
other claimed that when the original human couple lost their only son Centeotl,
the gods caused his body to produce foods and plants. Maize came from his
fingernails, sweet potatoes from his fingers and cotton from his hair. Other
plants sprung forth from other parts of his body. </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centeotl"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Centeotl</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> is one of the Aztec
maize gods.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20II.docx" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Tlacopan also had an expanding merchant class that was absent in Tenochtitlan,
whose sister-city </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlatelolco_(altepetl)"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Tlatelolco</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
had a ruling class of merchants rather than warriors.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20II.docx" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Such as in their own homes; cases against judges were made on a case by case
basis with precedents taken into account, rather than the prescribed
punishments for many crimes<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20II.docx" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
A similar system was incorporated in Tenochtitlan and Tlacopan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20II.docx" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Mapa Quinatzin</span> shows the
layout of the palace<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20II.docx" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
A Spanish measurement equal to about 55.5 litres<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20II.docx" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
It is believed that the chronicler made a mistake and put an additional zero on
this figure<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20II.docx" name="_edn12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The Ancient American Civilisations - Katz<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote%20II.docx" name="_edn13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Nezahualcoyotl had four of his sons executed for having sexual relations with
his concubines<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Helen Lashbrookhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14806155400041511316noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2785735485564651497.post-27148372285116601142018-01-08T01:57:00.001-08:002018-01-09T00:13:32.742-08:00Hungry Coyote
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Ixtlilxochitl_I.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="396" data-original-width="209" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Ixtlilxochitl_I.jpg" width="210" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ixtlixochtlotl I</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Losing Texcoco<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezahualcoyotl"></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezahualcoyotl"></a><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezahualcoyotl">Nezahualcoyot</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezahualcoyotl">l</a></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezahualcoyotl"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezahualcoyotl"></a></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezahualcoyotl"></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> was the son of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixtlilxochitl_I"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Ixtlixochtlotl I</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlatoani"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Tlatoani</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texcoco_(altepetl)"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Texcoco</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">, and </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Matlalcihuatzin</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">, the daughter of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huitzilihuitl"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Huitzilhuitl</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, Tlatoani of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Tenochtitlan</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Nezahualcoyotl was born on April 28<sup>th</sup> 1401</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.
Little is known of Nezahualcoyotl’s youth but like any Aztec scion of the
nobility he would have been taught at the Texcoco </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmecac"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">calmecac</span></span></i></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;">[iii]</span></u></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></u></i></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><u><span style="color: blue;">.</span></u></span></i></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Ixtlilxochitl, a descendant of the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acolhua"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Acolhua</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, like his father before him, paid
tribute to the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepanec"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Tepanec</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> city of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azcapotzalco_(altepetl)"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Azcapotlzalco</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Ixtlilxochitl did not care to be tied to the Tepanec and in preference
to marrying the daughter of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tezozomoc_(Azcapotzalco)"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Tezozomac</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">, the aggressive Tepanec Tlatoani,
chose to marry </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Matlalcihuatzin.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Ixtlilxochitl openly challenged Tezozomac, calling himself Lord of the
Chichimecs, as his family was descended from </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Xolotl"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Xolotl</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, the first Chichimec ruler. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Tezozomac responded by gaining the support of Tenochtitlan
and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlatelolco_(altepetl)"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Tlatelolco</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, leaving Texcoco friendless. He then
sent Ixtlilxochitl cotton that he was to have woven for use by Tezozomac, thus
emphasising his subordinate status. Ixtlilxochitl refused to do so, he claimed
that he could put the material to best use as cotton armour for his troops.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Monte_Tl%C3%A1loc.jpg/800px-Monte_Tl%C3%A1loc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="300" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Monte_Tl%C3%A1loc.jpg/800px-Monte_Tl%C3%A1loc.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mount Tlaloc</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">From Thirteen Rabbit (1414) to Four Rabbit (1418) Tezozomac
waged war against Ixtlilxochitl and Texcoco. At one point Ixtlilxochitl reached
the outskirts of Azcapotlzalco but was driven back and eventually superior
numbers won the day and Ixtlilxochitl fled Texcoco, heading for the mountains.
He was murdered in the foothills of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tlaloc"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Mount Tlaloc</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, in the presence of Nezahualcoyotl. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">On the Run<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Unlike the
precedents followed in Tenochtitlan</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">,
in Texcoco leadership was passed on from father to son. Nezahualcoyotl was now
unofficially the Tlatoani of Texcoco at the age of fifteen. He had no lands but
did have the loyalty of his people. Nezahualcoyotl fled to </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huejotzingo"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Huexotzinco</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> and
then travelled to Tenochtitlan in Eight Rabbit (1422) seeking refuge with his
mother’s family.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Chimalpopoca%2C_the_Third_Aztec_King_(Reigned_1417%E2%80%9327)_WDL6720.png/782px-Chimalpopoca%2C_the_Third_Aztec_King_(Reigned_1417%E2%80%9327)_WDL6720.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="782" height="306" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Chimalpopoca%2C_the_Third_Aztec_King_(Reigned_1417%E2%80%9327)_WDL6720.png/782px-Chimalpopoca%2C_the_Third_Aztec_King_(Reigned_1417%E2%80%9327)_WDL6720.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chimalpopoca</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Texcoco was forced to pay tribute to Tenochtitlan rather than
Azcapotlzalco, presumably as a reward for Tenochtitlan’s support in the fight
against a neighbouring city. Nezahualcoyote’s grandfather Huitziilhuitl died in
Three House (1417) and the new Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan was Tezozomac’s
grandson </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimalpopoca"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Chimalpopoca</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Nezahualcoyotl’s aunts allegedly bribed Tezozomac who allowed
Nezahualcoyotl to be partially educated as one of the family</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.
While resident in Tenochtitlan Nezahualcoyotl came of age as a warrior and it
is alleged that, although confined to within the city limits, Nezahualcoyotl handed
over prisoners to Tezozomac. In exile Nezahualcoyotl was able to keep the
spirit of resistance alive and well in Texcoco. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Tezozomac died in Twelve Rabbit (1426) and was succeeded by
his son </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxtla" title="Maxtla"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Maxtla</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, who was far less able than his father.
Maxtla arranged the assassination of Chimalpopoca after a series of conflicts
between the Tepanecs and Tenochtitlan. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">After Maxtla became ruler of Azcapotzalco, Nezahualcoyotl
returned to Texcoco, but had to return to exile a second time when he learned
that Maxtla plotted against his life</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">. </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Maxtla sent a delegation to Texcoco ostensibly as an embassy, but in
reality under orders to kill Nezahualcoyotl. The plot was uncovered by
Nezahualcoyotl’s attendants and </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Nezahualcoyotl took refuge in Huexotzinco once again.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">The Triple Alliance<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Chimalpopoca
was succeeded by his uncle </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itzcoatl"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Iztcoatl</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> who forged an alliance to defeat Maxtla. Nezahualcoyotl was aware of his
need for allies to regain his city and he was only too happy to fall in with his
uncle Iztcoatl’s plans. In One Flint Knife (1428) the city state of Texcoco
joined the cities of Tenochtitlan and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlacopan"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Tlacopan</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> to form the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_Empire"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Triple Alliance</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">. One of the architects of the
alliance was the </span><i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Cihuacoatl</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">or Snake Woman of Tenochtitlan </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlacaelel"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Tlacaelel</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;">[xi]</span></u></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Maxtlatl.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="524" height="390" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Maxtlatl.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Maxtla</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Backed by
alliance forces Nezahualcoyotl returned to his patrimony in Texcoco, which
became the headquarters of the revolt. Nezahualcoyotl was prominent in the
coalition and led a force of warriors from Texcoco and Huexotzinco across the
lake in a fleet of canoes. Tlacopan also rose up in revolt against Maxtla’s
forces. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Maxtla’s
capital was besieged by a force possibly as large as 100,000 men. After 114
days of the siege and a battle</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">,
led by Nezahualcoyotl</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_ednref13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">,
Azcapotzla fell and Maxtla was captured in a ritual sweat-bath by his own
embittered countrymen. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘The allied powers, after a
series of bloody engagements with the usurper [Maxtla], routed him under the
walls of his own capital. He fled to the baths whence he was dragged out, and
sacrificed with the usual cruel ceremonies of the Aztecs; the royal city of
Azcapulzalco was razed to the ground.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_ednref14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">It fell to
Nezahualcoyotl to sacrifice the son of his father’s killer. The sacrifice
offered the victim’s lifeblood to safeguard the soil, ensure the coming of the
rains and it would validate the state and the power of its ruler. The sacrifice
was also an act of respect towards Maxtla as it was shameful for a ruler to be
kept prisoner</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_ednref15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Tlatoani of Texcoco<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Cuernavaca_Teopanzolco.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="300" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Cuernavaca_Teopanzolco.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cuahnahuac</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Following
the fall of Azcapotzla the Triple Alliance armies once again set out on
campaign against the fertile </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matlatzinca_people"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Tlalhuica</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> territories to the south</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_ednref16" style="mso-endnote-id: edn16;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.
They conquered </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuernavaca"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Cuauhnahuac</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, the main town of the region and
then the settlements of Cuitlahuac, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colhuacan_(altepetl)"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Culhuacan</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_Mixquic"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Mixquic</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xochimilco_(pre-Columbian_city)"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Xochilmilco</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Tlacopan
took the lands in the western part of the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_Mexico"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Valley of Mexico</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, while Texcoco received most of the eastern lands.
Tenochtitlan took lands in both north and south. Tenochtitlan became the apex
of the alliance with Texcoco in second place. The conquered regions paid
tribute to the Triple Alliance in the way of goods and victims for sacrifice</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_ednref17" style="mso-endnote-id: edn17;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.
Nezahualcoyotl pioneered the policy of leaving local leaders in charge and
Iztcoatl soon followed suit as it reduced the chances of revolt.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">When he
returned victorious to Texcoco Nezahualcoyotl apparently took the maxim; <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘That a monarch might
punish, but revenge was unworthy of him’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_ednref18" style="mso-endnote-id: edn18;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xviii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">to heart. With
Iztcoatl’s support he eliminated elements of the Texcoco nobility who were
hostile to his return but pardoned others of the turncoat nobles and gave some
posts of honour and his confidence. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Lake_Texcoco_c_1519.png/444px-Lake_Texcoco_c_1519.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="444" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Lake_Texcoco_c_1519.png/444px-Lake_Texcoco_c_1519.png" width="296" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Nezahualcoyotl
created eight districts among his thirteen tribute paying towns and assigned a
tribute collector to each one who was assigned the task of providing the palace
with food and firewood on a rotational basis. The provinces were also required
to pay tribute in the form of military service and the provision of labour for
the construction and maintenance of temples; Nezahualcoyotl had a number of
temples refurbished or reconstructed within the Texcoco heartlands.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In addition
to the other councils set up by Nezahualcoyotl when he became Tlatoani was one
which must have been close to his heart; that of the council of music which was
devoted to encouraging the study of science and art. Works on astronomy,
chronology, history and other sciences had to be approved by the council before
they could be publicised. Wilful perversion of the truth was a capital offence.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The council
of music was staffed with specialists with no regard to rank and had
supervision over the production of all artworks and the finer fabrics. The
council also decided on the qualifications of teachers and the quality of their
teaching. Poor teaching was a punishable offence and the council instituted
exams for the students. On set days the students had to present their work
before a tribunal of the three heads of the Triple Alliance who then
deliberated with the council members on the merits of the work presented to
them. Prizes were distributed to those found worthy.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliography <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Ancient
Kingdoms of Mexico – Nigel Davies, Penguin 1985<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The New
World – Nicholas Hordern, Aldus Books/Jupiter Books 1971<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Ancient
American Civilisations – Friedrich Katz, Phoenix Press 2000<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Moctezuma
and the Aztecs – Elisenda Vila Llonch, the British Museum Press 2009<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The
Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Aztecs and Maya – Charles Phillips, Hermes
House 2010<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Conquest
of Mexico – WH Prescott, JM Dent and Sons Ltd 1978<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Aztecs –
Richard F Townsend, Thames & Hudson Ltd 2010<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<a href="http://www.ancient.eu/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">www.ancient.eu</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<a href="http://www.wkipedia.en/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">www.wkipedia.en</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--><br />
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Hungry Coyote is one translation of the name Nezahualcoyotl; another is Fasting Coyote <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
By the Aztec calendar his birth date was Four Rabbit (day), One Snake (month),
Thirteen House (year)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
See </span><a href="http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2017/06/ahuitzotl.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2017/06/ahuitzotl.html</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Unlike the other rulers of towns in the Valley of Mexico<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Founded by the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichimeca"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Chichimecs</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
in 995 AD<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Both cities were part of the Chicimec empire and Tezozomac promised to make
these two cities the pillars of the empire<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
See </span><a href="http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2017/07/ahuitzotl-ii.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2017/07/ahuitzotl-ii.html</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
A town south-east of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Mexico
City</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
His exposure to the culture and politics of Tenochtitlan would influence how he
later governed Texcoco<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Which was to become the Mexica Empire <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
See </span><a href="http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2017/07/ahuitzotl-ii.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2017/07/ahuitzotl-ii.html</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn12" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_edn12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The battle consolidated the supremacy of the warrior class<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn13" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_edn13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Some sources say that Tlacaelel was general of the army but this would appear
to contradict the practise of leaving the <i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Cihuacoatl </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">in charge of the city while the Tlatoani went to war</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn14" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_edn14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The Conquest of Mexico - Prescott<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn15" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_edn15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Azcapotzla was razed to the ground and the land was used for a slave market<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn16" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_edn16" style="mso-endnote-id: edn16;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
In the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluca_Valley"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Toluca Valley</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn17" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_edn17" style="mso-endnote-id: edn17;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Each area only paying tribute to the city that claimed their region; it was
down to Nezahualcoyotl’s influence that Texcoco garnered two fifths of all
tribute given to the three towns of the Triple Alliance; Tenochtitlan took
three fifths while Tlalopec took only one fifth<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn18" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Hungry%20Coyote.docx" name="_edn18" style="mso-endnote-id: edn18;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xviii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The Conquest of Mexico - Prescott<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Helen Lashbrookhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14806155400041511316noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2785735485564651497.post-40163968543832730212018-01-01T01:31:00.001-08:002018-01-01T23:38:13.052-08:00Caterina Sforza IX<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Italia%2C_caterina_riario_di_forl%C3%AC%2C_riproduzione_della_medaglia_del_1488_ca..JPG/597px-Italia%2C_caterina_riario_di_forl%C3%AC%2C_riproduzione_della_medaglia_del_1488_ca..JPG?uselang=en-gb" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="597" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Italia%2C_caterina_riario_di_forl%C3%AC%2C_riproduzione_della_medaglia_del_1488_ca..JPG/597px-Italia%2C_caterina_riario_di_forl%C3%AC%2C_riproduzione_della_medaglia_del_1488_ca..JPG?uselang=en-gb" width="397" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Caterina Sforza</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Imprisonment</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">On 26<sup>th</sup>
February Caterina arrived in Rome in Cesare’s entourage during carnival. Cesare
was met at the gates of the city by all the cardinal’s households and the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Swiss_Guard"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">papal guard</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">. According to some accounts</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Caterina</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">was allegedly dressed as the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenobia"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Queen of Palmyra</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, in black with a restraining gold chain round her neck. Cesare
was also soberly garbed;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘Don Cesare had around him a
hundred grooms, each one dressed in a cloak of black velvet with black leather
boots and carrying a new halberd in his hand. Don Cesare himself was dressed in
a coat of black velvet reaching to his knees, with a collar of simple and
severe design.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IX.docx" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Alexander VI
greeted Caterina cordially upon her forced return to the eternal city. She was
lodged in the Villa Belvedere</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IX.docx" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">
within the Vatican grounds; the pope carefully avoided treating her like an
exhibit in Cesare’s triumph, for fear of an adverse reaction on the part of his
ally Louis XII. On the 27<sup>th</sup> February the Mantuan ambassador met with
Caterina and described her as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘still
furious and strong-willed’.</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Caterina was
allowed her servants and ladies-in-waiting along with her confessor. Upon
Caterina refusing to relinquish formal control of Forli and Imola back to the
church twenty soldiers were sent to guard her day and night. In late May, with
the help of a Milanese friar, one Lauro Bossi, Caterina attempted to escape.
She was betrayed by one of Bossi’s go-betweens and was captured by the guard. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">For her
pains Caterina found herself imprisoned in a small dungeon in the Castel Sant’
Angelo. She was allowed two servants to attend to her. Caterina’s</span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> plight
was not aided by the fall of Ludovico Sforza who was taken off to imprisonment
in France. Hitherto, Caterina had been looked after for fear that Ludovico
would march on Rome in </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">defence
</span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">of his niece. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Freedom<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Ottaviano
was reluctant to aid his mother, with whom he had a conflicted relationship.
While Caterina got on with her younger children, she had a troubled
relationship with both of Girolamo’s sons; Ottaviano, who had inherited much of
his father’s character and had not cared for Caterina’s refusal to turn over
control of his lands to him, and Cesare</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IX.docx" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Ottaviano offered to hand over the lordship of both Imola
and Forli in return for his mother’s release and a cardinal’s hat for his
brother Cesare. Ottaviano and Cesare wrote to Caterina saying that they were
now washing their hands of her. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Livorno_Fortezza_Vecchia_bastione_della_Ampolletta_01_%40chesi.JPG/800px-Livorno_Fortezza_Vecchia_bastione_della_Ampolletta_01_%40chesi.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" height="266" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Livorno_Fortezza_Vecchia_bastione_della_Ampolletta_01_%40chesi.JPG/800px-Livorno_Fortezza_Vecchia_bastione_della_Ampolletta_01_%40chesi.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fortezza Vecchia, Livorno</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">‘If His Holiness does not grant our latest petition then don’t expect any
more from us. We have impoverished ourselves.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IX.docx" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Alexander refused the offer. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">In June 1501 Alexander received a demand from Yves d’All</span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">è</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">gre</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IX.docx" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">, on
behalf of Louis XII, that Caterina be freed. He agreed in return for her formal
renunciation of Imola and Forli. By this time a shadow of her former self, Caterina
signed the required documents on 30<sup>th</sup> June and left the Castel
Sant’Angelo. She stayed as a guest of Cardinal Raffaele Riario for a few days.
2,000 ducats</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IX.docx" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">
were forthcoming from Florence to cover the cost of her return there. Caterina
travelled by night in an attempt to avoid any mischance on the part of Cesare
or his family. She left from </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostia_(Rome)"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Ostia</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and
travelled by sea to </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livorno"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Livorno</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Legal Troubles<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Throughout her confinement Caterina’s main worry was
Ludovico who had fallen into the hands of his paternal uncle, who had made
himself Ludovico’s guardian. Lorenzo di Popolani de’ Medici had his eye on his
nephew’s inheritance and he applied to have Caterina declared unfit. With
judicial use of his fortune </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Lorenzo was able to persuade the Florentine courts to award him custody
of the four year old Ludovico. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">As soon as she arrived in Florence Caterina received news
from a relative who reported that;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">‘He [Ludovico] has grown and is a beautiful gallant boy.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IX.docx" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Castello_utens.jpg/800px-Castello_utens.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="514" data-original-width="800" height="256" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Castello_utens.jpg/800px-Castello_utens.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Villa di Castello</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Lorenzo il Popolano left Florence with Ludovico almost
immediately and Caterina wrote to Mantua and to her sister Bianca Maria the Holy
Roman Empress. Caterina was looking for support in high places to get her son
back. She was not allowed to see Ludovico during the battle for custody.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Caterina
moved to the Medici </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_di_Castello"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Villa di Castello</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IX.docx" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> to get away from her
brother-in-law’s harrying. Penniless herself, Caterina was being pressed by
Ottaviano and Cesare for financial assistance. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pope_Julius_II.jpg/441px-Pope_Julius_II.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="441" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pope_Julius_II.jpg/441px-Pope_Julius_II.jpg" width="293" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Julius II</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In June 1502
Lorenzo tried to force her to leave the sanctuary she had found, claiming the
Villa di Castello as his own personal property and used the caretaker to make
her life miserable. She had no sheets or tablecloths and had to beg her
children for six forks. When her stepson Scipione Riario arrived to visit
Caterina was worried about the additional cost of providing for him and his
companions. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">On the 20<sup>th</sup>
May Lorenzo died and Caterina was able to take custody of Ludovico once again.
The dispute over the control of Caterina’s dower monies was not settled until 5<sup>th</sup>
June 1505. Caterina returned to the Villa di Castello with Ludovico, whose name
she now changed to Giovanni, and Carlo, her son by Giacomo Feo. She taught
Giovanni how to ride and hunt.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">On 28<sup>th</sup>
July</span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> 1503 Caterina married her daughter Bianca off to Troilo Rossi<span class="MsoHyperlink"><u><span style="color: blue;">,</span></u></span> the first Marchese di </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Secondo_Parmense"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">San Secondo</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">.
Less than a month later Pope Alexander died and Cesare fell ill</span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IX.docx" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">.
After a short reign by </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_III"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Pius III</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">,
Guiliano della Rovere ascended the papal throne as Julius II.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Alchemical Experiments</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Isabella_d'Este_palazzo_ducale.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="373" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Isabella_d'Este_palazzo_ducale.jpg" width="297" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Isabella d'Este</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Like many other
fashionable ladies, including Lucrezia Borgia and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_d%27Este"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Isabella d’Este</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, Caterina made her own perfumes and love potions and diverse
ointments to encourage <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘masculine
virility’</i> as well as salves and cosmetics, sleeping potions and
painkillers. The ingredients Caterina used were often esoteric and included
such items as newts and the juice of red ants. Her expenditure on ingredients
outran her income</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IX.docx" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.
Her experiments were posthumously published as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gli Esperimenti</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Caterina
still held hopes that Julius II would grant Forli to Ottaviano and in October
1503 advised him to press the pope on the matter, writing;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘The iron is hot and it is
time to strike it….Guard yourself from those you trust and those who offer you
advice. Know the foul tempers that are all around you; if you allow yourself to
be led by others, you will wind up with your cap over your eyes, so wake up!’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IX.docx" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Viterbo-Duomo2013b.jpg/800px-Viterbo-Duomo2013b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="531" data-original-width="800" height="265" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Viterbo-Duomo2013b.jpg/800px-Viterbo-Duomo2013b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Viterbo Cathedral</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Alas for
Ottaviano Caterina’s hopes came to nothing; Ottaviano and Cesare did not make
many friends, having inherited their father’s arrogance. In 1507 Ottaviano
became </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Viterbo"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">bishop of Viterbo</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Volterra"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Volterra</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, the dioceses having been ceded to
him by his uncle Raffaello Riario. He still hung on his mother’s purse strings
and wrote demands for money for clothing, so that his fellow prelates did not
outshine him.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">For herself
Caterina spent her days in correspondence and took lovers to her bed, although
neither they nor she were as young as they were in her heyday. In 1508 Bianca
brought her son Pietro Maria and her new daughter to visit their grandmother.
Pietro Maria was left in Caterina’s care so that she could teach him to ride
and hunt, as she had done for Giovanni who had little interest in schooling. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Caterina
died on 28<sup>th</sup> May 1509; she suffered pleurisy which made breathing
difficult, brought on by the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_malariae"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">quartan fever</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> she had suffered from for most of
her adult life. She made her will that day, leaving a bequest for the upkeep of
the cathedral in Florence and paying for 1,000 masses for her soul. She left
provision for her grandchildren and left Carlo Feo 2,000 gold ducats</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IX.docx" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Caterina’s
favourite child Giovanni was to follow in his maternal grandfather’s footsteps
to become a condottiere; </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">known as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Giovanni della Bande Nere</i>. He married </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Salviati" title="Maria Salviati"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Maria Salviati</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, the
daughter of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacopo_Salviati" title="Jacopo Salviati"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Jacopo Salviati</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucrezia_di_Lorenzo_de%27_Medici" title="Lucrezia di Lorenzo de' Medici"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Lucrezia di Lorenzo de' Medici</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. His
son was </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" title="Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Cosimo I de'
Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">At the Court
of the Borgia – Johann Burchard, the Folio Society 1990<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Lucrezia Borgia – Rachel Erlanger, Michael Joseph 1979<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Deadly
Sisterhood – Leonie Frieda, Harper Collins 2013<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Borgias
– Mary Hollingsworth, Quercus Editions Ltd 2014<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Tigress of
Forli – Elizabeth Lev, Head of Zeus Ltd, 2012<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Borgias
– GJ Meyer, Bantam Books 2013<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Absolute
Monarchs – John Julius Norwich, Random House 2011<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Niccolo’s
Smile – Maurizio Viroli, IB Tauris & Co Ltd 2001<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://www.wikipedia.en/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">www.wikipedia.en</span></span></a></span>
<!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--><br />
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IX.docx" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
At the Court of the Borgia - Burchard<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IX.docx" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Connected to the main body of the Vatican Palace by the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortile_del_Belvedere"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Cortile Belvedere</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IX.docx" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Now </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Pisa"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Archbishop
of Pisa</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IX.docx" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Tigress of Forli - Lev<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IX.docx" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Commander of the French troops in Italy<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IX.docx" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In 2016 the
relative:</span></strong><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></strong><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">historic standard of living</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £1,322,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of that income or wealth is £13,040,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic status</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £34,600,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic power</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £808,200,000.00 </span></span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></span></a><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IX.docx" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The Deadly Sisterhood - Frieda<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IX.docx" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
In the hills above Florence<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IX.docx" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Rumour had it that the two men ate from a poisoned dish intended for another
victim<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IX.docx" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
She was in debt to the tune of 587 florins at the time of her death. </span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In 2016 the relative: </span></strong><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">historic standard of
living</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
value of that income or wealth is £483,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of that income or wealth is
£3,817,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic status</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £9,866,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic power</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or
wealth is £227,700,000.00 </span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></span></a><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IX.docx" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Tigress of Forli - Lev<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn12" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IX.docx" name="_edn12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In 2016 the relative:</span></strong><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></strong><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">historic standard of
living</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
value of that income or wealth is £1,646,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of that income or wealth is
£13,010,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic status</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £33,610,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic power</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or
wealth is £775,900,000.00 </span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></span></a><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
Helen Lashbrookhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14806155400041511316noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2785735485564651497.post-89276519631716680212017-12-25T05:29:00.004-08:002017-12-26T00:10:26.510-08:00Caterina Sforza VIII
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Giaovanni_il_Popolano.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="580" data-original-width="450" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Giaovanni_il_Popolano.jpg" width="310" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">assumed to be a portrait of Giovanni il Popolani de' Medici</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Assault from Venice<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In the
spring of 1498, while his mother was in the latter stages of her pregnancy,
Ottaviano organised a carnival with dances, banquets and parties. His
half-brother </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_dalle_Bande_Nere"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Ludovico</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><u><span style="color: blue;"> </span></u></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">was born on 6<sup>th</sup> April 1498
in Ravaldino. He was named after his great uncle of Milan in an attempt to
foster better relations between the two city states but the Milanese ambassador
did not attend Ludovico’s christening.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In May 1498
Savonarola was executed following criticism of the pope. The summer saw
Ottaviano depart with his mercenaries for a stint in Pisa. He was accompanied
by his stepfather Giovanni. Venice turned its wrath on Caterina and the Riario
lands were subject to continued incursions by Venetian troops. Aware that she
was likely to be besieged by the Venetians Caterina informed her uncle;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘When Venice attacks, I will
have enough spirit to defend myself….If I must lose because I am a woman, I
want to lose like a man.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VIII.docx" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Bagno_di_Romagna-Medicis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="563" data-original-width="750" height="300" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Bagno_di_Romagna-Medicis.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Palazzo di Capitani at Bagno di Romagna showing de' Medici coat of arms</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Giovanni was
plagued with gout and he suffered a severe attack following his return from
Pisa. After a week with Caterina in Forli, Giovanni left for the thermal baths
at </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagno_di_Romagna"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Bagno di Romagna</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> on 28<sup>th</sup> August.
Caterina’s daughter Bianca, who was also unwell, travelled with him. On 11<sup>th</sup>
September Caterina was summonsed to Bagno and Giovanni died in her arms on the
12<sup>th</sup> September 1498. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Giovanni’s
body was claimed by his brother and taken back to Florence for his funeral.
Caterina returned to Forli draped in black once again, a widow for the third
time. The Venetians attacked the city at the end of the month, using tactics
that Caterina had already foreseen and made arrangements to foil. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Preparing for the Worst <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Lucrezia-Borgia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="318" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Lucrezia-Borgia.jpg" width="211" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lucrezia Borgia</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In 1499
Caterina recklessly turned down an offer of marriage for Ottaviano; the pope proposed
that Ottaviano marry his only daughter </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucrezia_Borgia"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Lucrezia</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Caterina turned the offer down; Lucrezia had already been
married to Caterina’s cousin </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Sforza"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Giovanni</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and the marriage had been annulled after three years on the
grounds of his alleged impotency. This refusal made Caterina a whole host of
new enemies in the fiercely tribal Borgia family.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The pope was
intent on bringing the Romagna under papal control and Alexander’s blunt
instrument was his son Cesare. Cesare held the post of Captain-General of the
Papal Army once held by Girolamo Riario. But Cesare was far more dangerous than
Girolamo had ever been</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VIII.docx" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In May
Alexander issued a </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bull"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">papal bull</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> in which he called Caterina <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘a daughter of iniquity’</i>. Citing three
years’ worth of unpaid tribute and tyranny on Caterina’s part Alexander deposed
Ottaviano’s lordship of Forli in favour of Cesare. Caterina sent an envoy to
Rome, empowered to offer immediate payment of 3,600 ducats</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VIII.docx" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">
owing. Alexander held the whip-hand and refused to meet with Caterina’s
emissary. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Lorenzo_il_popolano%2C_xv_century.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="555" data-original-width="360" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Lorenzo_il_popolano%2C_xv_century.jpg" width="258" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lorenzo il Popolani de' Medici</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In midsummer
little Ludovico fell ill and Caterina spent much of her time at his bedside.
When Ludovico recovered she wrote to Giovanni’s brother </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_di_Pierfrancesco_de%27_Medici"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Lorenzo</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">; <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">He has recovered enough that
if nothing else happens, we hope that he may be cured of this illness. Thank
God for everything.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VIII.docx" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In August
the plague hit Forli and 179 people died before the outbreak burnt itself out. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">When
Ludovico had recovered sufficiently Caterina started teaching him to ride. She
was also concerned about her son’s inheritance. Giovanni had been a wealthy man
and Caterina now proclaimed her marriage before a notary. This attempt was in
vain as Lorenzo merely absorbed his brother’s fortune into his own, leaving
Caterina with no other alternative but to take her brother-in-law to court, a
process that was to last many years<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Taking Forli<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Louis-xii-roi-de-france.jpg/450px-Louis-xii-roi-de-france.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="450" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Louis-xii-roi-de-france.jpg/450px-Louis-xii-roi-de-france.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Louis XII</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">On 9<sup>th</sup>
November 1499 Cesare Borgia left Milan at the head of the combined papal and
French troops. When appealed to by Caterina for support, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Louis XII</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VIII.docx" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> informed her that he could not
interfere in papal matters. Florence, afraid of retaliation from Rome, was
unable to assist and Caterina found herself standing alone against the joint
Franco-papal army. Caterina’s agent at Louis’ court wrote to her;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘Everyone is waiting for
your undoing and ruin, most of all Rome, from whence comes all this evil.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VIII.docx" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">To further
isolate Caterina, Alexander even took the step of writing to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Signoria</i> in Florence accusing Caterina
of trying to poison him.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The land
around Forli was razed, all trees and buildings within a quarter of a mile to
Forli’s walls being taken down. Each major house in the city was stocked with
four month’s supply of food. Caterina had ordered modern artillery and the
walls of Ravaldino had been improved and strengthened to cope with the pounding
of the French artillery.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">With the
arrival of Cesare Borgia in December the elders of Forli suggested that
Caterina take a leaf from her uncle’s book and depart in the night. Caterina
had already sent her children to the safety of Florence. On 14<sup>th</sup>
December, unwilling to risk the destruction of the town for Caterina’s sake,
two of Caterina’s supporters abandoned her and offered the town’s submission to
Cesare Borgia in Imola</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VIII.docx" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.
On the 19<sup>th</sup> Cesare rode into Forli and stationed himself and his men
outside the walls of Ravaldino.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">A Borgia Kidnapping</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cesare_Borgia%2C_Duke_of_Valentinois.jpg/456px-Cesare_Borgia%2C_Duke_of_Valentinois.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="456" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cesare_Borgia%2C_Duke_of_Valentinois.jpg/456px-Cesare_Borgia%2C_Duke_of_Valentinois.jpg" width="303" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cesare Borgia</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">On 26<sup>th</sup>
December Caterina strode out onto the ramparts of Ravaldino to defend her
eldest son’s fief. She wore a specially made </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuirass"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">cuirass</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. In the square below the fortress Cesare Borgia awaited her; he bowed
and informed her that if she surrendered his father would bestow another
stronghold on her. Cesare offered compensation, land, money</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VIII.docx" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">
and a house in Rome. In response Caterina informed him; <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘All of Italy knows the
worth of the Borgia word. The bad faith of the father has removed any credit
from the son.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VIII.docx" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Caterina
informed Cesare that the Holy Roman Emperor’s troops were due to arrive any
time now. A further attempt at parley saw Cesare almost trapped in Ravaldino.
Cesare’s artillery was fired at the fortress and on 12<sup>th</sup> January a
sizeable hole in the walls allowed Cesare’s troops to pour into Ravaldino.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Caterina
attempted to commit suicide by blowing up her gunpowder magazine, the attempt
failed due to a defective fuse. Caterina was taken prisoner by the French and
Cesare had to pay the leader of the French forces 4,000 ducats</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VIII.docx" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">
to hand Caterina over.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Panorama_di_Cesena_e_le_sue_colline.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="404" data-original-width="745" height="216" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Panorama_di_Cesena_e_le_sue_colline.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cesena</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">On 14<sup>th</sup>
January the news arrived in Rome that;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘The fortress of Forli;
together with Countess Caterina Sforza….had been treacherously and violently
captured by Don Cesare Borgia, and that everyone else there had been put to the
sword.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VIII.docx" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Cesare now turned
his attention to the Sforza city of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesaro"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Pesaro</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VIII.docx" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;">[xii]</span></u></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> while the French were diverted north
to Milan by the arrival of Ludovico Sforza with 8,000 Swiss and 500 Burgundian
troops, in an attempt to seize back control of his duchy. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘There is news that the lady
of Forli has been sent to </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesena"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Cesena</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">,
and it seems that Duke Valentino [Cesare] has gone there, and, as I hear, was
keeping the said lady, who is the most woman….day and night in his room, with
whom, in the opinion of all, he is taking his pleasure.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VIII.docx" name="_ednref13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">At the Court
of the Borgia – Johann Burchard, the Folio Society 1990<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Lucrezia Borgia – Rachel Erlanger, Michael Joseph 1979<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Deadly
Sisterhood – Leonie Frieda, Harper Collins 2013<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Florence and
the Medici – JR Hale, Phoenix Press 2004<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Rise and
Fall of the Medici – Christopher Hibbert, Folio Society 2001<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Borgias
– Mary Hollingsworth, Quercus Editions Ltd 2014<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Tigress of
Forli – Elizabeth Lev, Head of Zeus Ltd, 2012<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Borgias
– GJ Meyer, Bantam Books 2013<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Absolute
Monarchs – John Julius Norwich, Random House 2011<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Niccolo’s
Smile – Maurizio Viroli, IB Tauris & Co Ltd 2001<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<a href="http://www.wikipedia.en/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">www.wikipedia.en</span></span></a><!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--><br />
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VIII.docx" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Tigress of Forli - Lev<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VIII.docx" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
See </span><a href="http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2015/06/renaissance-italy-at-court-of-borgia-vi.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2015/06/renaissance-italy-at-court-of-borgia-vi.html</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VIII.docx" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In 2016 the relative:</span></strong><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></strong><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">historic standard of
living</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
value of that income or wealth is £2,599,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of that income or wealth is
£21,250,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic status</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £60,850,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic power</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or
wealth is £1,425,000,000.00 </span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VIII.docx" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Tigress of Forli - Lev<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VIII.docx" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Louis XII had invaded Italy and taken Milan, deposing Ludovico Sforza who fled
for sanctuary with the Holy Roman Emperor – see </span><a href="http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2015/10/renaissance-france-anne-of-brittany-v.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2015/10/renaissance-france-anne-of-brittany-v.html</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VIII.docx" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Tigress of Forli - Lev<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VIII.docx" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The town and Caterina’s castellan surrendered to the Franco-papal army and
Caterina’s castellan joined forces with them to attack Forli<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VIII.docx" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
An annuity of 4,000 ducats a year -</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in 2016 the relative: </span></strong><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">historic standard of
living</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or
wealth is £7,219,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of
that income or wealth is £59,030,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic status</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £169,000,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic power</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £3,958,000,000.00 </span></span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VIII.docx" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Tigress of Forli - Lev<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VIII.docx" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
See note viii above<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VIII.docx" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
At the Court of the Borgia - Burchard<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn12" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VIII.docx" name="_edn12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Giovanni Sforza fled the city and did not return until after both the pope and
Cesare were dead<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn13" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VIII.docx" name="_edn13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> The Deadly Sisterhood - Frieda</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Helen Lashbrookhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14806155400041511316noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2785735485564651497.post-26854433727072942302017-12-18T01:35:00.000-08:002017-12-19T00:17:25.721-08:00Caterina Sforza VII<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Caterina_Sforza2.jpg?uselang=en-gb" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="387" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Caterina_Sforza2.jpg?uselang=en-gb" width="322" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Caterina Sforza</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "papyrus"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">The Fury Drives On<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">During
Caterina’s mad rampage through her son’s domains, Ottaviano and Cesare, afraid
of their mother’s anger, had remained in the safety of the house of Raoul
Denti, one of Forli’s nobility. Seven years before he’d refused to hand over
Girolamo’s children to the mob after Girolamo had been killed. Hiding in
Denti’s house, Ottaviano had not attended his stepfather’s funeral making him
suspect in his mother’s eyes.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Now
Caterina’s anger was focussed on her son who she knew had resented Giacomo’s
usurpation of Ottaviano’s authority. Ottaviano was summonsed to appear before
his mother in his own fortress of Ravaldino, he was escorted there by
Caterina’s soldiers. An angry crowd followed their lord to Ravaldino where they
were met by cannon fire. Ottaviano was left to face his mother’s ire alone.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Ottaviano
was placed under house arrest and his half-brother Scipione Riario, who had
objected to the violence of his stepmother’s reactions, was locked in a dungeon
for eighteen months. The reprisals continued, with the mistress of one of the
conspirators and her children being murdered. The second priest involved in the
conspiracy was burnt over hot coals before being beheaded.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Horror and
disgust of Caterina’s actions was to be found the length and breadth of the
Italian peninsula. Her name was vilified; thirty eight people had been killed
and numerous others tortured, imprisoned or exiled. Even the pope, Ludovico
Sforza and the Signoria of Florence all recoiled at what Alexander claimed was
the;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "constantia" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘Unheard of bloodthirstiness
committed to satisfy her passions.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VII.docx" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "constantia" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Caterina
remained in Forli mourning her beloved throughout the following winter, only
rousing herself in November 1495 to engage in an alliance against Count Guido
of Gaggiolo who had taken a number of towns from the Archbishop of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Ravenna-Cervia"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Ravenna</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">. Guido was killed during the
fighting and Caterina’s prize for her soldiers involvement in the campaign was
the town of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrocaro_Terme_e_Terra_del_Sole"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Castrocaro</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">. Venice objected strongly to this
transfer and Caterina’s Uncle Ludovico advised her to return the town to the
archbishop, which she duly did.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "papyrus"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Rebuilding a Life<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">That winter
was exceptionally hard and the province was facing a famine; not only the cold
but the troops had ruined the previous summer’s crops as they marched across
the fields. To avoid wide-scale starvation among her people Caterina was forced
to buy in large quantities of grain. Four to five hundred pounds of flour per
day were distributed to the poor of Forli from February to June</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VII.docx" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial";">.
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Caterina had
the palazzo where she had lived with Giacomo torn down; Caterina moved into the
fortess of Ravaldino, the better to protect herself. She turned part of the
fortress into a luxurious home, building a palazzo abreast of the keep. The
remains of the old house were used for new building projects. The fortress
itself was upgraded and repaired. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Giovanni_I_Bentivoglio.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="157" data-original-width="118" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Giovanni_I_Bentivoglio.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Giovanni Bentivoglio</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">At the same
time that the destruction and reconstruction was being undertaken Giovanni
Livio fell ill and died after a short illness. He was only twelve. During that
year Caterina's half-sister Bianca died in child birth. Caterina joined her
sister’s husband Tommaso Feo to mourn this loss in their family.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Caterina
decided to arrange a marriage for Ottaviano and her eye fell upon Isotta
Bentivoglio, daughter of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_I_Bentivoglio"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Giovanni Bentivoglio</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> of Bologna. Isotta declared that she
was going to become a nun. Caterina considered the refusal a betrayal; she
already knew that a number of those implicated in Giacomo’s death had taken
refuge with the Bentivoglio. She sent assassins to Bologna in a failed mission
to kill one of her bitterest enemies, much to her uncle’s irritation. Caterina
confessed to him;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "constantia" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘I have been gravely
wronged, and I still want to get my hands on him, to further thwart those who
would conspire against me….I confess, I did not do a good thing, as you said.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VII.docx" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "constantia" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Instead of
looking around for an alternative bride for her son, Caterina decided Ottaviano
needed to gain military experience and she asked her uncle to arrange for this.
Instead Ludovico suggested that Ottaviano marry one of the Marquis of Mantua’s
daughters. Caterina refused to consider the idea. By 1497 Ottaviano already had
one illegitimate daughter by the daughter of a carpenter even as his mother
continued to refuse an offer from the de’ Medici and a renewal of the Mantua
offer.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "papyrus"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Looking Out For the Kids<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli_by_Santi_di_Tito.jpg/466px-Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli_by_Santi_di_Tito.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="466" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli_by_Santi_di_Tito.jpg/466px-Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli_by_Santi_di_Tito.jpg" width="310" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Niccolo Machiavelli</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Eventually
Caterina had her way and Ottaviano was employed twice by the Florentines as a
condottiero to defend Florentine interests. He was offered 15,000 florins</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VII.docx" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial";">
in 1497 and 10,000 florins</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VII.docx" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial";">
in 1499; both times his mother was the negotiator between the two parties; the
second time she was negotiating with </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Nicholas Machiavelli</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Caterina now
sought out benefices for Cesare; she had fallen out with Cardinal Raffaello
Riario, believing that he had encouraged Giacomo’s assassins. In the summer of
1496 as Raffaello lay seriously ill Caterina persuaded her uncle to transfer
all the benefices that Raffaello held in Milan to Cesare once his second cousin
died.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">The
Venetians were sending raids into Ottaviano’s lands with increasing regularity.
Like many of his neighbours Ludovico Sforza was unwilling to offend Venice or
help Caterina defend Forli and Imola and so Caterina raised an army of 8,000
troops to defend her son’s heritage. Caterina looked to Florence, the only
other regional power willing to oppose <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">la
Serenissima, </i>for an ally.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Girolamo_Savonarola.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="360" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Girolamo_Savonarola.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fra Savonarola</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Following
the fall of the Medici Florence was all but ruled by </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Fra Savonarola</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">; those of the Medici who had not
left Florence had changed their name to il Popolani to curry favour with the
new rulers. One such was </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_il_Popolano"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Giovanni de’ Medici</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">, a cousin of Lorenzo de’ Medici, who
visited</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> Forli in
the summer of 1496 to negotiate terms with Caterina for the use of her army in
a fight against </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Pisa</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> which had declared independence from
Florence. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Giovanni was
wealthy, thirty and attractive; an able conversationalist he talked to Caterina
about art and literature. Like Caterina Giovanni was interested in botanical
experiments and he also got on well with all her children, including Ottaviano.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Before long
Giovanni was lodged in Giacomo’s former apartments, in Rivaldino, with his own
household. When Caterina fell ill in the autumn Giovanni paid Caterina daily
visits in her private apartments. Ludovico Sforza was informed that Caterina had
been seen caressing Giovanni and that she might marry to ‘satisfy her
appetites.’ She made haste to inform her uncle that;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "constantia" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘I am no longer at that age
when others should think that these youthful appetites reign in me; foremost in
my mind is my duty to govern these states.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VII.docx" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "constantia" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Whether she
assuaged her uncle’s fears is not known but he cannot have been pleased to
receive a letter in January 1497 from his ambassador informing Ludovico that
Giovanni and Caterina were married. Caterina denied the marriage until she
found herself pregnant in the summer. Pro-French Florence and Ludovico Sforza,
a member of the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_War_of_1494%E2%80%9398#League_of_Venice"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Holy League</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VII.docx" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> were on opposing sides and Caterina
was loath to make an enemy out of a family member.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "papyrus"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">At the Court
of the Borgia – Johann Burchard, the Folio Society 1990<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Italian
Dynasties – Edward Burman, Equation 1989<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">The Deadly
Sisterhood – Leonie Frieda, Harper Collins 2013<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Florence and
the Medici – JR Hale, Phoenix Press 2004<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">The Rise and
Fall of the Medici – Christopher Hibbert, Folio Society 2001<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">The Borgias
– Mary Hollingsworth, Quercus Editions Ltd 2014<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Tigress of
Forli – Elizabeth Lev, Head of Zeus Ltd, 2012<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">The Borgias
– GJ Meyer, Bantam Books 2013<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Absolute
Monarchs – John Julius Norwich, Random House 2011<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Niccolo’s
Smile – Maurizio Viroli, IB Tauris & Co Ltd 2001<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<a href="http://www.wikipedia.en/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">www.wikipedia.en</span></span></a><!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--><br />
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VII.docx" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
Tigress of Forli - Lev<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VII.docx" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">
The following year province was short of salt as the salt beds at </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervia"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Cervia</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> had not dried out, due
to the excessive rains. Caterina bought four hundred sacks of salt from the
Adriatic under military guard.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VII.docx" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
Tigress of Forli<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VII.docx" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
</span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-weight: normal;">In 2016 the relative:</span></strong><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"> </span></strong><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">historic standard of
living</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
value of that income or wealth is £10,380,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> of that income or wealth is
£101,800,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">economic status</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> value of that income or wealth is £242,500,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">economic power</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> value of that income or
wealth is £5,705,000,000.00 </span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VII.docx" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> </span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-weight: normal;">In 2016 the
relative:</span></strong><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"> </span></strong><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">historic standard of living</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> value of that income or wealth is £7,219,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> of that income or wealth is £59,030,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">economic status</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> value of that income or wealth is £169,000,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">economic power</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> value of that income or wealth is £3,958,000,000.00 </span></span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></span></a><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VII.docx" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
Tigress of Forli - Lev</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VII.docx" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
Also known as the League of Venice, whereby Milan, the papacy, Venice, the
Aragonese and the Holy Roman Emperor joined forces to force the French out of
Italy<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Helen Lashbrookhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14806155400041511316noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2785735485564651497.post-34639720201194293192017-12-12T00:21:00.000-08:002017-12-12T00:21:22.864-08:00Caterina Sforza VI
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Isabella_von_Neapel.jpg/490px-Isabella_von_Neapel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="490" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Isabella_von_Neapel.jpg/490px-Isabella_von_Neapel.jpg" width="326" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Isabella of Naples</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Tumultuous Times</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Sforza
were facing trouble; </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Charles VIII</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of France was determined to
interfere in the internal affairs of Italy, believing as he did in the general
unfitness of Pope Alexander to carry out his papal duties. He was given the
excuse when Alfonso of Naples marched on Milan on behalf of his daughter </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Aragon,_Duchess_of_Milan"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Isabella</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">, married to Gian Galeazzo. Beatrice
d’Est</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">é</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">, as wife of the
regent was taking precedence over Isabella, the duchess of Milan. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Her father had
strong ties to the king and queen of Spain and was able to count on their
support. Alfonso decided to make an issue of his daughter’s embarrassment. Caterina’s
uncle Ludovico called on Charles VIII for aid; by the time Charles reached </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piacenza"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Piacenza</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, it was to the news that Gian Galeazzo was dead</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VI.docx" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.
Ludovico arrested his niece by marriage and seized her son </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Sforza_(il_Duchetto)"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Francesco</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">; within the year Ludovico was duke
of Milan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Beatrice_d'Este_detail_1494.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="351" data-original-width="257" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Beatrice_d'Este_detail_1494.jpg" width="292" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Beatrice d'Este</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Caterina was
aware that Forli was a bridge the road across the Apennines that the armies
would cross. As a papal fief the Lord of Forli was expected to follow papal
directives and Alexander supported Alfonso of Naples. At the same time she was
pressured by her Sforza relatives to support them. Alexander despatched
Cardinal Raffaele Riario to press Caterina; Rafaelle was surprised to have
Giacomo join in his meeting with the regent.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">By
mid-September 1494 Giacomo had become general in chief and vice-Lord of
Ottaviano’s domains. Caterina did not push back against her husband’s
decisions. Giacomo chose to join the anti-Sforza side and shut the city gates
against Caterina’s relatives. Caterina’s spies kept the papal and Neapolitans
updated on the movements of the French and Sforza troops. Local people living
outside the city walls were ordered into Forli for protection against the armies
roaming through the local area.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Bouleversé<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Giacomo
insisted that loyalty to the pope meant that Forli received a stipend from the
Vatican. Well aware of the advantages of bribery and corruption, Alexander
issued a </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">condotta</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VI.docx" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></i><span style="font-family: Arial;">
for 16,000 ducats</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VI.docx" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">
for the privilege of allowing papal and Neapolitan troops passage through the Apennines.
Caterina and Giacomo were also awarded the fief of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mauro_Pascoli"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">San Mauro</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">On October
20<sup>th</sup> 1494 two thousand French and Milanese troops demanded entrance
to the fortress of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordano"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Mordano</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and Caterina’s Castellan refused. The
fortress was overrun in the late afternoon after the walls were breached. Caterina
begged her ally the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_II,_Duke_of_Lorraine"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Duke of Calabria</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> for support but he failed to
respond. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Charles_VIII_Ecole_Francaise_16th_century_Musee_de_Conde_Chantilly.jpg/453px-Charles_VIII_Ecole_Francaise_16th_century_Musee_de_Conde_Chantilly.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="453" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Charles_VIII_Ecole_Francaise_16th_century_Musee_de_Conde_Chantilly.jpg/453px-Charles_VIII_Ecole_Francaise_16th_century_Musee_de_Conde_Chantilly.jpg" width="302" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Charles VIII</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The French
show of strength meant a change of heart on Caterina’s part; henceforth she
would support them and her family. She complained to Piero de’ Medici</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VI.docx" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">,
writing to inform her of her reasons for backing out of the papal alliance;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘There was no reason to
treat me this way. I have kept [our treaty] and done more than I was obliged
to.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VI.docx" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">France’s
armies continued to roll over their enemies and Alexander reproached Ercol
d’Est</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">é</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘The triumph of France
involves nothing less than the destruction of the independence of every state
in Italy.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VI.docx" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The last
troops left Forli on 23<sup>rd</sup> November as the French marched off down
the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Aemilia"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Via Aemilia</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> in the direction of Rome</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VI.docx" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.
By the time Charles turned his attention back to France he had been crowned
King of Naples. His departure merely meant that things turned back to
normal….relatively. Now France had given itself a reason to interfere in doings
on the Italian peninsula as and when it felt appropriate</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VI.docx" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Death of Giacomo<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Medaglia_di_ottaviano_sforza-riario%2C_1490_ca..JPG/604px-Medaglia_di_ottaviano_sforza-riario%2C_1490_ca..JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="604" height="396" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Medaglia_di_ottaviano_sforza-riario%2C_1490_ca..JPG/604px-Medaglia_di_ottaviano_sforza-riario%2C_1490_ca..JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ottaviano Riario</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In 1495
Ottaviano turned sixteen, old enough to take control of his lands. Ottaviano
did not care for his stepfather and the pair quarrelled violently; Giacomo
responded by slapping Ottaviano’s face hard in front of his mother who refused
to intervene. By now the Italian princes had come to the decision that
Caterina’s relationship with Giacomo Feo was a liability, although it was
believed that Caterina would be unlikely to give him up voluntarily. The
Florentine ambassador Puccio </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pucci_family"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Pucci</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> claimed<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘The Countess will bury her
children, her allies, and all her belongings, she will sell her soul to the
devil, she will give her state to the Turk, before she gives up Giacomo Feo.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VI.docx" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In the end
it was Caterina’s own retainers who decided that the situation could not
continue. Giovanni Ghetti</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VI.docx" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">
led the plot; his wife Rosa was one of Caterina’s ladies-in-waiting. They and
other members of their family and two priests were the main conspirators.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">On 27<sup>th</sup>
August 1495 the family went out hunting and in the late afternoon returned to
Forli. Giacomo, Ottaviano and Cesare were on horseback while Caterina and the
others rode in a cart. As they passed through the city gate Ghetti and his
fellow plotters stepped out in front of them. Ghetti took the reins of
Giacomo’s horse while his servant stabbed Giacomo from behind.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Giacomo fell
from his horse and his assassins fell on him. Caterina’s immediate response was
to leap out of the cart and onto a horse; she fled to Ravaldino. Ottaviano and
Cesare had already taken refuge in the house of a local nobleman while
Giacomo’s guards had disappeared at the first hint of trouble.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Revenge of the Fury<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Rocca_di_Ravaldino_-_Forl%C3%AC_2.jpg?uselang=en-gb" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="300" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Rocca_di_Ravaldino_-_Forl%C3%AC_2.jpg?uselang=en-gb" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rvaldino</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">From the
safety of Ravaldino Caterina was swift to organise her response. When Ghetti
and his accomplices strutted into Forli’s main piazza Caterina sent out a squad
of soldiers to arrest the killers. Ghetti managed to escape and the chief of
police offered one hundred ducats</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VI.docx" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">
for the person who brought him in, dead or alive. One of the militia hunted
Ghetti down in the local cemetery and cleaved his head in two and chopped off
his fingers, scattering the body parts among the graves. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Tommaso Feo
was summonsed from Imola to revenge his brother’s murder. Caterina ordered him
to raze Ghetti’s house to the ground. Ghetti’s wife and children were thrown
into a well in Ravaldino and left to die. The last Ghetti child was found in
the care of a family friend and the five year old’s throat was cut.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Caterina had
every family known to be hostile to Giacomo rounded up and thrown in the
dungeons, hanged in the piazza or exiled. Houses were torn down, warehouses
destroyed and entire families thrown into the dungeons of Ravaldino. One entire
neighbourhood of Forli was razed to the ground so determined was Caterina on
her revenge on those who had taken her husband from her. No-one who had ever
adversely commented on Giacomo Feo was safe.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">One of the
priests involved was tortured with fire until he gave up the names of his
accomplices. He was then stripped naked and tied by his feet to the back of a
horse and dragged through the town. His face was then cut open by one of
Giacomo’s supporters before being beaten and stabbed to death by Caterina’s
soldiers.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Milanese
ambassador reported to Ludovico Sforza about his niece’s goings on;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘She has used maximum
cruelty against a priest, that seems most detestable, she had women killed, the
wives of the two Ghetti brothers, the young sons aged three and nine months and
even the nurse. All Romagna is crying to the heavens.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VI.docx" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Caterina’s
cruel response to Giacomo’s killing was not only a sign of how very much she
loved her husband, but also possibly an indication of her father’s influence;
his cruelties had become legend in his own lifetime and now Caterina’s were to
follow her for the rest of her life.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">At the Court
of the Borgia – Johann Burchard, the Folio Society 1990<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Italian
Dynasties – Edward Burman, Equation 1989<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Lucrezia Borgia – Rachel Erlanger, Michael Joseph 1979<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Deadly
Sisterhood – Leonie Frieda, Harper Collins 2013<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Rise and
Fall of the Medici – Christopher Hibbert, Folio Society 2001<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Borgias
– Mary Hollingsworth, Quercus Editions Ltd 2014<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Tigress of
Forli – Elizabeth Lev, Head of Zeus Ltd, 2012<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Borgias
– GJ Meyer, Bantam Books 2013<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Absolute
Monarchs – John Julius Norwich, Random House 2011<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Niccolo’s
Smile – Maurizio Viroli, IB Tauris & Co Ltd 2001<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<a href="http://www.wikipedia.en/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">www.wikipedia.en</span></span></a><!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--><br />
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VI.docx" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
He was alleged to have been poisoned, possibly by his uncle. Ludovico found the
rumours of his nephew’s death so embarrassing he felt obliged to write to his
fellow princes protesting his innocence.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VI.docx" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
An annual pension<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VI.docx" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In 2016 the relative:</span></strong><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></strong><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">historic standard of
living</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
value of that income or wealth is £11,840,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of that income or wealth is
£97,970,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic status</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £278,400,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic power</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or
wealth is £6,603,000,000.00 </span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VI.docx" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Shortly before Piero and his family were thrown out of Florence by the
supporters of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Savonarola</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VI.docx" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Tigress of Forli - Lev<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VI.docx" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The Borgias - Meyer<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VI.docx" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
See </span><a href="http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2015/05/at-court-of-borgia-iv.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2015/05/at-court-of-borgia-iv.html</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VI.docx" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
See the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Wars"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Italian Wars</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
for further French adventures in the peninsula<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VI.docx" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Tigress of Forli - Lev<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VI.docx" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Who had helped oust Tomasso Feo from the fortress of Ravaldino<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VI.docx" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In 2016 the relative:</span></strong><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></strong><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">historic standard of
living</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
value of that income or wealth is £74,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of that income or wealth is
£612,300.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic status</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £1,740,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic power</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or
wealth is £41,270,000.00 </span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></span></a><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn12" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20VI.docx" name="_edn12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Tigress of Forli - Lev<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Helen Lashbrookhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14806155400041511316noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2785735485564651497.post-38308972875626242612017-12-04T01:36:00.002-08:002017-12-05T00:27:30.575-08:00Caterina Sforza V
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Rocca_di_Ravaldino_ai_tempi_di_Caterina_Sforza.jpg/453px-Rocca_di_Ravaldino_ai_tempi_di_Caterina_Sforza.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="453" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Rocca_di_Ravaldino_ai_tempi_di_Caterina_Sforza.jpg/453px-Rocca_di_Ravaldino_ai_tempi_di_Caterina_Sforza.jpg" width="302" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rivaldino</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">After Girolamo</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">When the
Orsi brothers spoke to the town councillors it was decided to submit allegiance
to the pope. The council also refused to take action against Caterina,
reminding the conspirators that Caterina’s Milanese relations would not be
pleased. A solution must not;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘Further wound or irritate
the Countess. That would be not only barbarous and inhuman, but would draw down
fatal consequences upon the city, she being of subtle mind and of that high
courage that was known to all, indomitable of spirit and inexorable in
vengeance.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">After
several days imprisonment Caterina was taken to the fortress where the Castellan
Tomasso Feo allowed her entrance as previously agreed between the two, leaving
the remainder of her family in rebel hands. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Panorama_di_Cesena_e_le_sue_colline.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="404" data-original-width="745" height="216" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Panorama_di_Cesena_e_le_sue_colline.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cesena</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The rebels
threatened to cut Ottaviano into pieces unless Caterina surrender. She told
them, with an obscene gesture, that she had the wherewithal to make more
children. The pope sent Bishop Giacomo Savelli</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">
with two hundred soldiers to liaise with the rebels. Savelli was able to
safeguard Caterina’s relatives against rebel demands to kill them in front of
the fortress in an attempt to get Caterina to hand it over. Bishop Savelli had
Caterina’s mother and sisters transferred to the safety of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesena"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Cesena</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and increased the guard on her children. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Savelli was
waiting for papal reinforcements that did not arrive. Innocent was unable to
decide what action to take; while not wanting to upset the powerful Sforza
family he toyed with the idea of taking Forli and handing it over to his son </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franceschetto_Cybo"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Franchescetto Cybo</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. After a period of stalemate Innocent announced that
he had appointed Cardinal Raffaele Riario as governor of Forli.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">On 29<sup>th</sup>
April 1488 12,000 men appeared outside Forli’s wall; a small contingent of the
Milanese army. A ducal emissary demanded the return of Forli to the Riarios.
The citizens had little choice than to do as the Milanese demanded, driving off
the Orsi</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">,
and Caterina was reunited with her children.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Consolidation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Imola_Medaglia_di_Caterina_Riario_Sforza_xilografia.jpg/596px-Imola_Medaglia_di_Caterina_Riario_Sforza_xilografia.jpg?uselang=en-gb" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="596" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Imola_Medaglia_di_Caterina_Riario_Sforza_xilografia.jpg/596px-Imola_Medaglia_di_Caterina_Riario_Sforza_xilografia.jpg?uselang=en-gb" width="397" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Caterina Sforza</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Caterina
decided to be magnanimous in victory and instead of allowing her uncle’s troops
to sack the town sent them home, much to their dismay</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.
Girolamo’s body was obtained and sent to Imola for burial. On 18<sup>th</sup>
July 1488 Innocent issued papal confirmation of Ottaviano’s right to be Lord of
Forli and Imola, until the end of his family line. Caterina was to act as his
regent. It is very possible that Cardinal Raffaele Riario was involved in
persuading Innocent to change his mind.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Caterina was
still young and her beauty was such that, according to one chronicler;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘Words fail to describe her
glorious beauty and graceful manner.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The eldest
Ordelaffi, hoping to regain Forli for his family, had already proposed that he
marry Caterina. When word got out Caterina was inundated with disapproving
letters from the pope, Caterina’s uncle</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">,
Lorenzo de’ Medici and Cardinal Riario. The pope’s letter was self-serving; he
was hoping he could override his grant of Forli to Ottaviano and enable him to
present the lordship to his son.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Following a
summer in the country with Ordelaffi, Caterina returned to Forli to assure her
relatives and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">well-wishers</i> that she
had no intention of marriage, or of handing power to anyone else. She turned to
good works to add lustre to her reputation, helping to build a church dedicated
to the Virgin Mary following a miracle at nearby Piratello. She also started on
making alliances with other noble families through her children, choosing four
year old </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astorre_III_Manfredi"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Astore Manfredi</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, Lord of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faenza"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Faenza</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, as husband for her daughter Bianca.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">A Stepfather for the Lord of Forli</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Forlimpopoli_rocca.jpg/800px-Forlimpopoli_rocca.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="300" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Forlimpopoli_rocca.jpg/800px-Forlimpopoli_rocca.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fortress at Forlimpopoli</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Caterina was
concerned about the safety of the fortresses she held for her son. Trouble with
the Castellan of Imola over money owed to him by Girolamo resulted in her being
locked out of the fortress until Cardinal Riario stepped in to negotiate
between Caterina and the Castellan. Caterina placed her stepfather Gian Pietro
Landriani as the fortress’ new Castellan while her stepbrother Piero Landriani
was made Castellan of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forlimpopoli"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Forlimpopoli</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Caterina
also doubted Tomasso Feo, despite his support for her during the 1488 crisis.
She engineered his arrest. Her reasoning? She wished to install her lover as
Castellan, a lover who seemed more than happy to take over his brother’s job, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Feo"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Giacomo Feo</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">, a portent of things to come. <o:p></o:p></span></u></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Giacomo
was handsome and twenty years old; he’d worked as a hand in the Riario stables
and he blatantly adored his mistress. Giacomo and Caterina married in secret;
Caterina was trying to ensure that her position as regent for Ottaviano
remained secure, unlike that of her stepmother Bona. So intense was the
couple’s relationship that Caterina failed to attend the wedding of her uncle
to </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_d%27Este"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Beatrice d’Est</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">é</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> in January 1491.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Although
the marriage was a secret rumours of it spread through Forli, sparking jealousy
against the former groom. A plan was hatched to murder Caterina and Giacomo but
she was informed of the plot and managed to turn the tables on the would-be
assassins. When questioned it appeared that the plotters were concerned that
Giacomo would undermine Ottaviano’s right to rule Forli when he came of age.
The four ringleaders were imprisoned deep in the dungeons of the fortress at Ravaldino,
while their sons were taken hostage. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">On 19<sup>th</sup>
February 1492 the twelve year old Cesare Riario was given his first tonsure; he
was destined for the church. In the summer of 1492 Caterina remained secluded
from her court with an alleged bout of fever. It is believed that she was
delivered of Giacomo’s son Bernardino</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">,
during this period. She remained blind to the dangers posed by Giacomo who was accruing
power for himself, despite being madly in love with Caterina. the Florentine
ambassador noted that the couple;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘Seemed alone in the world.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Caterina herself
seems to have taken her eye off the ball, ignoring the outside world, so
entranced by her relationship with Giacomo. Bernardino joined the Riario
children in the nursery as Giacomo’s son by an unknown mother.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">A New Pope<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pope_Alexander_Vi.jpg/453px-Pope_Alexander_Vi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="453" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pope_Alexander_Vi.jpg/453px-Pope_Alexander_Vi.jpg" width="302" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Alexander II</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">An era ended
in April 1492 when Lorenzo de’ Medici died, leaving his son </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_the_Unfortunate"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Piero</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> to rule Florence. Three months later,
on 25<sup>th</sup> July, Innocent died and the struggle to replace him centred
around two men; </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Rodrigo Borgia</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and Guiliano della Rovere.
Eventually the bribes paid out by Rodrigo won out and he ascended the papal
throne as Alexander VI</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">One of those
opposed to a Borgia pope had been Cardinal Ascanio Sforza who objected to a
pope likely to support the Neapolitan king. However when it appeared likely
that prolonging the conclave’s deadlock would result in a della Rovere papacy,
Ascanio threw his support behind Rodrigo Borgia. The Florentine historian </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Francesco Guicciardini</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_ednref13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;">[xiii]</span></u></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> wrote;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘Alexander VI was extremely
shrewd and wise, a good judge of character, immensely persuasive, and a skilled
master at the political game. But these good traits were utterly surpassed by
his vices: obscene behaviour, lack of sincerity, audacity, mendacity,
disloyalty, impiety…..’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_ednref14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Juan_de_Borja_Llan%C3%A7ol_de_Roman%C3%AD%2C_el_mayor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="425" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Juan_de_Borja_Llan%C3%A7ol_de_Roman%C3%AD%2C_el_mayor.jpg" width="252" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cardinal Juan de Borgia</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Under
Alexander nepotism in the papacy was to become an outright scandal as the pope
advanced the interests of his children, making his son </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Borgia"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Cesare</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> a cardinal</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_ednref15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.
</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Borgia,_2nd_Duke_of_Gandia"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Giovanni
Borgia</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> was made </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Gand%C3%ADa"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Duke of Gandia</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and Captain General of the church.
His daughter </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucrezia_Borgia"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Lucrezia</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">
was married to </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Sforza"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Giovanni Sforza</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, Lord of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesaro"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Pesaro</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gioffre_Borgia"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Gioffre Borgia</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, the pope’s youngest child, was
married to </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancha_of_Aragon"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Sancia of Aragon</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, the illegitimate daughter of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Naples"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">King Alfonso II</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of Naples. Alexander also bestowed a
cardinal’s hat on his nephew </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Borja_Lanzol_de_Roman%C3%AD,_el_mayor"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Juan de Borgia</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The ascension
of Alexander VI was not good news for Caterina and her brood of Riario children,
despite Alexander having stood as Ottaviano’s godfather. Guiliano della Rovere
had been the family’s man in the Vatican; now his deadly rival was pope the
pugnacious della Rovere lost a lot of his power</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_ednref16" style="mso-endnote-id: edn16;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.
Alexander made Ascanio Sforza his vice-chancellor, and gave him Alexander’s
former palazzo. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">At the Court
of the Borgia – Johann Burchard, the Folio Society 1990<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Italian
Dynasties – Edward Burman, Equation 1989<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Deadly
Sisterhood – Leonie Frieda, Harper Collins 2013<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Rise and
Fall of the Medici – Christopher Hibbert, Folio Society 2001<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Borgias
– Mary Hollingsworth, Quercus Editions Ltd 2014<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Tigress of
Forli – Elizabeth Lev, Head of Zeus Ltd, 2012<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Borgias
– GJ Meyer, Bantam Books 2013<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Absolute
Monarchs – John Julius Norwich, Random House 2011<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.wikipedia.en/">www.wikipedia.en</a></span></span><!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--><br />
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The Deadly Sisterhood - Frieda<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
The </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_legate"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Papal Legate</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Bologna</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Who eventually found refuge in the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Papal States</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, having been
refused harbour by the Venetians. Andrea Orsi was executed in his family’s
place<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Under the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_war"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">rules of war</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
pertaining at the time they should have been allowed to sack the town<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The Deadly Sisterhood - Frieda<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Who hoped to rule Forli and Imola by proxy<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Murdered by Cesare Borgia in 1502<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
A town close to Forli, as its name indicates<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Died 1509<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Tigress of Forli - Lev<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Known as the unfortunate; Piero’s arrogance and lack of interest in state
affairs was to bring about the downfall of the Medici<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn12" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_edn12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
See </span><a href="http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2015/05/at-court-of-borgia-iii.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2015/05/at-court-of-borgia-iii.html</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn13" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_edn13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
A friend and correspondent of Machiavelli <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn14" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_edn14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The Borgias - Hollingsworth<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn15" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_edn15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
And appointed him to Alexander’s former </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Valencia_in_Spain"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Archbishopric
of Valencia</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn16" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20V.docx" name="_edn16" style="mso-endnote-id: edn16;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
In contrast to the Sforza, della Rovere had supported a pro-Naples candidate<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Helen Lashbrookhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14806155400041511316noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2785735485564651497.post-21979319482486361852017-11-27T01:18:00.000-08:002017-11-27T23:44:33.247-08:00Caterina Sforza IV
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Trevi_-_palazzo_colonna_e_basilica_santi_apostoli_01.JPG/704px-Trevi_-_palazzo_colonna_e_basilica_santi_apostoli_01.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="704" height="340" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Trevi_-_palazzo_colonna_e_basilica_santi_apostoli_01.JPG/704px-Trevi_-_palazzo_colonna_e_basilica_santi_apostoli_01.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Palazzo Colonna</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">War with the Colonna<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Girolamo was
concerned by his uncle’s ill-health. Instead of building up a strong powerbase
by creating alliances, Girolamo was too busy with his feud with the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonna_family"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Colonna</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, one of Rome’s foremost families, intensified when he
accused them of treason during the battle of Camp Morto. He was no doubt
encouraged in this by his friend </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginio_Orsini"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Virginio Orsini</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> whose </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsini_family"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">family</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> were deadly foes of the Colonna</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Virgilio and
Girolamo occupied Colonna lands around Rome and on May 30<sup>th</sup> 1484 Girolamo
and two hundred men attacked the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Colonna"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Colonna palazzo</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> in Rome, the two hour fighting leaving several dead. Lorenzo
Colonna, wounded during the fight, surrendered to Virgilio. Girolamo tried to
attack the disarmed prisoner as he was taken to the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Castel Sant’ Angelo</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. Colonna property throughout Rome
was ransacked and the Colonna treasures seized for the papacy and the greater
good of Girolamo Riario. </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Centro_da_Via_Venerini.JPG/800px-Centro_da_Via_Venerini.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="300" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Centro_da_Via_Venerini.JPG/800px-Centro_da_Via_Venerini.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Marino</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Girolamo had
his eye on the Colonna fortresses of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paliano"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Paliano</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><u><span style="color: blue;"> </span></u></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marino,_Lazio"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Marino</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Members of the Colonna family begged Girolamo to release Lorenzo
Colonna, in return they would hand over Marino and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardea,_Lazio"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Ardea</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. This was insufficient for Girolamo whose greed overcame him raging
that;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘I will take all of their
fortresses by storm.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IV.docx" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">He had the
messenger put to death. During a family council, Cardinal Guiliano della
Rovere, pleaded on behalf of his neighbours. His uncle Pope Sixtus was by now
too ill to keep Girolamo in check. Girolamo turned on his cousin, threatening
to burn his house down in retaliation for his support for the Colonna.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">On June 29<sup>th</sup>
1484, on the feast day of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, Girolamo had Lorenzo
Colonna dragged out into the courtyard of the Castel Sant’Angelo. The prisoner
repudiated his confession made under torture before he was executed. Girolamo
then sent men to pull up the family vineyard behind their palazzo. At the same
time Cardinal Guiliano’s balcony was smashed, in retaliation for his daring to
support Girolamo’s enemies. Throughout the excitement Caterina had remained by Sixtus’
bedside, where the pope lay <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">in extremis</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; tab-stops: 141.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Death of a Pontiff<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ponte_Milvio_HD.jpg/800px-Ponte_Milvio_HD.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="532" data-original-width="800" height="265" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ponte_Milvio_HD.jpg/800px-Ponte_Milvio_HD.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ponte Molle blocked by papal army</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Pope Sixtus
IV died on 12<sup>th</sup> August 1484</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IV.docx" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;">[ii]</span></u></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></u></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and with
him died Girolamo’s powerbase. Sixtus’ death set off two weeks of rioting in
Rome inspired by his enemies the Colonna. News of Sixtus’ death arrived in Paliano,
where he and his sidekick Virginio were laying siege to the town with the papal
armies while soldiers were stationed on the outskirts of Rome</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IV.docx" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Girolamo had
been joined at the siege by Caterina, seven months pregnant, who brought their
three children with her in an attempt to avoid the fevers and plagues that were
a feature of summer in Rome. Always the coward, Girolamo preferred to let
others take the risks but he had to move fast to consolidate his position now
that his main benefactor was dead.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Castel_Sant'Angelo_(_Mausoleo_di_Andriano).jpg/800px-Castel_Sant'Angelo_(_Mausoleo_di_Andriano).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="554" data-original-width="800" height="276" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Castel_Sant'Angelo_(_Mausoleo_di_Andriano).jpg/800px-Castel_Sant'Angelo_(_Mausoleo_di_Andriano).jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Castel Sant'Angelo</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Girolamo’s
understanding was never more than average and he now needed Caterina’s
capabilities to deal with the crisis. He, Caterina, Virginio and Paulo Orsini
rode for Rome. They arrived on 24<sup>th</sup> August; as ordered Girolamo
stopped outside the city while Caterina and Paulo rode for the Castel Sant’Angelo,
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">while Virginio joined the anti-Colonna faction</span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IV.docx" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Once</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> at the fortress Caterina informed
the Castellan that she had come to hold the fortress for her husband the Papal
Captain-General; she was allowed to enter. Caterina ordered that access from
the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Vatican</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> be barred; the diarist Bartolomeo
Cerratini recorded that;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘She [Caterina] wore….a
man’s belt whence hung a bag of gold ducats and a curved sword…among soldiers,
both horse and foot, she was much feared, for that armed lady was fierce and
cruel.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IV.docx" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The
cardinals rushed to ask Raffaele Riario to persuade his aunt by marriage to
depart without any more fuss, even as Caterina was ejecting from the fortress
those she felt were inimical to her husband’s interests. Riario’s messenger was
sent back to his master with a flea in his ear. Outside in the city the Colonna
faction were creating mayhem and it was not until one of the cardinals
intervened that the Colonna and the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsini_family"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Orsini</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> agreed to lay down arms.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Coming to Terms</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/SFORZA_ASCANIO_1755.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="434" data-original-width="350" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/SFORZA_ASCANIO_1755.jpg" width="322" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cardinal Ascanio Sforza</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Caterina was
aware that she and Girolamo were friendless and short of funds and she applied
to her uncle Ludovico for support which was duly granted. Lorenzo Lanti, a
Sienese orator noted;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘I know from a good source
that the State of Milan is protecting the States of the Count [Girolamo] and
has furnished him with soldiers for his safety.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IV.docx" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Girolamo for
his part was laying out his demands to the cardinals whereby his wife would
return control of the Castel Sant’Angelo to the church. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Girolamo
agreed the sum of 8,000 ducats</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IV.docx" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">,
needed to pay his debts, and the continuation of all stipends paid under
Sixtus, that he remain Captain-General of the papal armies and his
reconfirmation as Lord of Forli and Imola. The cardinals agreed in return for
Girolamo’s immediate departure from Rome and his wife’s surrender of the Castel
Sant’Angelo.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Innocent_VIII_1492.JPG/467px-Innocent_VIII_1492.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="467" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Innocent_VIII_1492.JPG/467px-Innocent_VIII_1492.JPG" width="311" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Innocent VIII</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Caterina
failed to leave the fortress on 24<sup>th</sup> but smuggled in 150 men loyal
to her husband. The cardinals fumed and threatened to withdraw from their
agreement with Girolamo. They sent in eight of their number, including
Caterina’s uncle </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascanio_Sforza"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Ascanio</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, who negotiated Caterina’s departure
on 26<sup>th</sup>; her twelve days ruling the papal stronghold were over. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sixtus’
successor was </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Innocent VIII</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, a nonentity chosen to avoid another
</span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Della_Rovere"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">della Rovere</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> papacy or a second </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Borgia"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Borgia</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> papacy</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IV.docx" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.
Like Sixtus before him, Innocent turned nepotism into an art form; he married
his son </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franceschetto_Cybo"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Franceschetto</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> off to </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddalena_de%27_Medici_(1473%E2%80%931528)"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Maddalena</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, Lorenzo de’ Medici’s daughter, in
return for a cardinalate for Lorenzo’s thirteen year old son </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_X"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Giovanni</span></span><span style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">.</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Innocent was
faced with a mountain of debts left by Sixtus’ spendthrift behaviour, he was
similarly incapable of restraining his own spending. Girolamo and Caterina
hoped that the presence of Cardinal Julius della Rovere, as the power behind
the throne, would ensure that the Riarios remained in favour.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Murder and Mayhem<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Giovanni
Livio Riario</span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IV.docx" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> was born in Forli on 30<sup>th</sup>
October 1484. Just over a year later Caterina gave birth on 4<sup>th</sup>
December 1485 to Galeazzo Maria</span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IV.docx" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> who was born at Forli. Her last
child with Girolamo was Francesco</span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IV.docx" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> born at Imola on 17<sup>th</sup>
August 1487. Less than a year later and <u>f</u></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">our years after the death of his uncle, Girolamo was
murdered in April 1488 <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_(Castrocaro_Terme_e_Terra_del_Sole%2C_1971)_-_BEIC_6339014.jpg/799px-Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_(Castrocaro_Terme_e_Terra_del_Sole%2C_1971)_-_BEIC_6339014.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="799" height="300" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_(Castrocaro_Terme_e_Terra_del_Sole%2C_1971)_-_BEIC_6339014.jpg/799px-Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_(Castrocaro_Terme_e_Terra_del_Sole%2C_1971)_-_BEIC_6339014.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rocca di Rivaldino</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Following
his uncle’s death Girolamo and Caterina had returned to Forli. During his rule
in the Romagna, Girolamo had managed to make himself the most hated noble in
the Apennines. When he first arrived in Forli Girolamo had cancelled all taxes,
an easy gesture given the amount of money flowing into his purse from the
Vatican. Following his uncle’s death, Girolamo had to retrench and reinstitute
the taxes, which made him wildly unpopular with his people. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">On 14<sup>th</sup>
April 1488 Girolamo remained in the main hall after dinner, leaving his wife and
her mother and two half-sisters, Stella and Bianca, to retire to Caterina’s
apartments. One of the chief citizens of Forli, Francesco Orsi, and his brother
Ludovico, called on Girolamo. Although Francesco was nominally a friend of
Girolamo’s the two had fallen out over the vexed question of taxes.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Orsi bowed
to Girolamo and then plunged a dagger into his lord’s chest. Girolamo was not
killed outright by the blow and was finished off by a couple of soldiers of
Girolamo’s bodyguard, who had not been paid for months. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘The two soldiers, with grim
professionalism, stabbed him in ‘his vital parts’, then battered and stabbed
his lifeless face.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IV.docx" name="_ednref13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Caterina was
immediately informed that she and the children were in danger. She and her
women called out of the window, crying in vain for help. Caterina was arrested
and taken to the Palazzo Orsi while the fortress was ransacked. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Italian
Dynasties – Edward Burman, Equation 1989<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Deadly
Sisterhood – Leonie Frieda, Harper Collins 2013<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Rise and
Fall of the Medici – Christopher Hibbert, Folio Society 2001<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Tigress of
Forli – Elizabeth Lev, Head of Zeus Ltd, 2012<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Families
Who Made Rome – Anthony Majanlahti, Pimlico 2006<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Absolute
Monarchs – John Julius Norwich, Random House 2011<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Niccolo’s
Smile – Maurizio Viroli, IB Tauris & Co Ltd 2001<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.wikipedia.en/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">www.wikipedia.en</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
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<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IV.docx" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Tigress of Forli - Lev<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IV.docx" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The Riario palazzo was sacked on 13<sup>th</sup> August; fortunately Caterina
had removed most of the valuables and hidden them away from Rome before she
joined Girolamo at Paliano<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IV.docx" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Ostensibly to prevent trouble in Rome by blocking one of the main exits, the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte_Milvio"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Ponte Molle</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, the
cardinals may have been hoping to fend off a joint della Rovere/Riario attempt
to install a pope of their own liking using Girolamo as a tour de force<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IV.docx" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The Orsini and the Colonna were deadly enemies<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IV.docx" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The Deadly Sisterhood - Frieda<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IV.docx" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Ibid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IV.docx" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In 2016 the relative: </span></strong><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">historic standard of
living</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
value of that income or wealth is £5,144,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of that income or wealth is
£50,280,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic status</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £138,400,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic power</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or
wealth is £3,448,000,000.00 </span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></span></a><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IV.docx" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
See </span><a href="http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2015/05/at-court-of-borgia.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2015/05/at-court-of-borgia.html</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IV.docx" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Later Pope Leo X<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div id="edn10" style="mso-element: endnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IV.docx" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Died in 1496 age eight<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div id="edn11" style="mso-element: endnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IV.docx" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Married in 1504 to Maria Giovanna
della Rovere (b. Senigallia, 1486 – d. Bologna 1538), Dowager Lady of </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerino" title="Camerino"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Camerino</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">, and eldest sister of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Maria_I_della_Rovere" title="Francesco Maria I della Rovere"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Francesco Maria I della Rovere</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">, Duke of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbino" title="Urbino"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Urbino</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="edn12" style="mso-element: endnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IV.docx" name="_edn12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Known as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sforzino</i>, who was made </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Lucca"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Bishop
of Lucca</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, directly subject to the Holy See<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div id="edn13" style="mso-element: endnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20IV.docx" name="_edn13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The Deadly Sisterhood - Frieda<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Helen Lashbrookhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14806155400041511316noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2785735485564651497.post-80557657383823287182017-11-20T02:50:00.002-08:002017-11-21T00:19:10.401-08:00Caterina Sforza III
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Guidobaldo_montefeltro.jpg/419px-Guidobaldo_montefeltro.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="419" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Guidobaldo_montefeltro.jpg/419px-Guidobaldo_montefeltro.jpg" width="278" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Guidobaldo da Montefeltro</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazzi_conspiracy"><span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">The Pazzi
Conspiracy</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Girolamo
Riario was a man who made enemies more easily than breathing</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> and he had little understanding of
the meaning of loyalty. Now aged thirty-five Girolamo had become flabby with
the good life. While Caterina was pregnant in Rome, in the spring of 1478 Girolamo
got tied up in a conspiracy to unseat the de’ Medici family from their
stronghold in Florence. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sixtus was
concerned that Girolamo would find ruling Imola difficult as long as the de’
Medici had power in Florence</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.
The intention was for Girolamo to extend his rule from Imola across </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilia-Romagna"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">the Romagna</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. The pope made it quite clear that his support was
conditional; no-one was to die. He told Gina Batista da Montesecco</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">
and Girolamo;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘Though Lorenzo is a
villain, and behaves ill towards us, yet we do not on any account desire his
death, but only a change in government.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The
conspiracy also involved the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazzi_family"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Pazzi family</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> who were an old established Florentine family who looked
down on the nouveau arriv</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">é</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> Medici, under the leadership of the head of the family,<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> Jacopo de’ Pazzi and </span></span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Salviati_(bishop)"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Bishop Salviati</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guidobaldo_da_Montefeltro"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Guidobaldo da Montefeltro.</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> The </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Urbino"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Duke of Urbino</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, a family connection of the pope’s, agreed to have 600
men standing by to surround Florence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> <u> </u></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">The Aftermath<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Giuliano_de'_Medici_by_Sandro_Botticelli.jpeg/405px-Giuliano_de'_Medici_by_Sandro_Botticelli.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="405" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Giuliano_de'_Medici_by_Sandro_Botticelli.jpeg/405px-Giuliano_de'_Medici_by_Sandro_Botticelli.jpeg" width="270" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Guiliano de' Medici</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">By
Easter Sunday the conspirators plans were in readiness and on 26<sup>th</sup>
April when Lorenzo and </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuliano_de%27_Medici"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Guiliano de’ Medici</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> attended the service at the </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Cathedral"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Duomo</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">; </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaele_Riario"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Cardinal Raffaele Riario</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, visiting his uncle Jacopo de’
Pazzi, was a witness to what followed. Guiliano was murdered by a member of the
Pazzi family and one of the family’s clients, but Lorenzo managed to escape
although wounded</span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Seeing
Lorenzo’s escape the leading conspirators fled; a track of blood led to the
Pazzi palazzo. Salviati meanwhile went to the </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Palazzo Vecchio</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> to allegedly to give Cesare
Petrucci, the </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonfaloniere_of_Justice"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Gonfaloniere</span></span></i></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, a message from the pope. His entourage consisted of
mercenaries who were to take the </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signoria_of_Florence"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Signoria</span></span></i></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> by storm, they found themselves unable
to get out of the room where they were waiting for the call from Salviati</span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Medici
supporters helped the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gonfaloniere’s</i>
guards finish off the mercenaries. Petrucci himself attacked Salviati with a
cooking spit, the only weapon to hand. Salviati, several Pazzi and other
conspirators were hung from the windows of the Palazzo Vecchio; few escaped the
wrath of the Florentines who rioted despite pleas from Lorenzo for calm. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Hanging_of_Bernardo_Baroncelli_1479.jpg/229px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Hanging_of_Bernardo_Baroncelli_1479.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="598" data-original-width="229" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Hanging_of_Bernardo_Baroncelli_1479.jpg/229px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Hanging_of_Bernardo_Baroncelli_1479.jpg" width="152" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Death of a conspirator</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Although
held for a few weeks Raffaele Riario was allowed to leave Florence when it was
clear that he had not been involved after Montesecco confessed his part in the
conspiracy;<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">‘This command was
given us by the Signor Count [Girolamo] in Rome….we were always told to look
out for the honour of our lord [Pope Sixtus] and of the Count. Thus on Sunday
morning, 26 April 1478, in Santa Liperata [the cathedral of Florence] that was
done which has been made public to the whole world.’</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Although
deeply involved in the planning Girolamo had not dared to venture near Florence
and was one of the few who escaped Medici justice, protected by the long arm of
his uncle. He made two more assassination attempts against Lorenzo, both of
which failed. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Forli and Imola<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sixtus
was determined to create a Riario-della Rovere dynasty and. like many popes, exploited
the resources of the papacy to benefit his family. As part of this overreaching
plan, Sixtus made his nephew Lord of </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Forli</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> in 1480, The fief had been confiscated from the </span></span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Ordelaffi"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Ordelaffi family</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;">[xii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">.</span></span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> In the papal bull granting Forli to
Girolamo Sixtus lauded his nephew’s;<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">‘Learned experience,
circumspect wisdom, and his shining faith….[charged him to] nurture concord,
treat his subjects kindly, and administer justice to all persons without
exception.’</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_ednref13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Needless
to say Girolamo had few of the attributes attributed to him by his uncle. Girolamo
was invested as lord of Forli on 31<sup>st</sup> May as Caterina was giving
birth to Cesare</span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_ednref14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> in Rome.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Porta_schiavonia.JPG/800px-Porta_schiavonia.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="300" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Porta_schiavonia.JPG/800px-Porta_schiavonia.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Forli</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Forli
was strategically positioned as the gateway to the Romagna, a part of Italy
that Sixtus was determined would become part of the papal lands. The fortress
at Forli was endowed with the latest technical and mechanical innovations under
the oversight of Girolamo.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">It
took a year before Caterina and Girolamo moved to Forli as Sixtus had been
involved in fending off a threatened invasion by the Ottomans. Girolamo had
sent a trusted lieutenant Gian Francesco Maruzzi, to his new lands to act as governor.
The couple’s arrival in July 1481 was greeted with dismay by some elements of
the population still loyal to the Ordelaffi;<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">‘The Ordelaffis had
entered the city with a mighty wind; now the new lord was entering with fire</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_ednref15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">.’</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_ednref16" style="mso-endnote-id: edn16;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The
coming of their new lord was the occasion of much celebration by the citizens
who were awed by the couple’s display of wealth; they were invited to inspect
the new plate and china</span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_ednref17" style="mso-endnote-id: edn17;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Caterina and her ladies wore new
dresses every day of the visit. The family then travelled on to Imola where
Girolamo organised the paving of the streets, building towers on the city walls
and pulling down ramshackle dwellings. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">War with the d’Esté<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Girolamo
may have transformed Imola but he was also physically violent towards Caterina
who was afraid of him. When the Milanese ambassador suggested that Caterina
visit her Sforza relatives she replied;<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">‘My Lord the Count,
her Consort, had refused it, not without some anger….this would make a breach
between herself and My Lord.’’</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_ednref18" style="mso-endnote-id: edn18;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xviii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">She
apparently confided to a friend that she envied those who died at their
husband’s hands, something she apparently preferred to living with Girolamo.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ercole_I_d'Este.jpg/456px-Ercole_I_d'Este.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="456" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ercole_I_d'Este.jpg/456px-Ercole_I_d'Este.jpg" width="303" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ercole d'Este</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In September
Caterina and Girolamo left for a visit to Venice, where Girolamo hope to
interest the Venetians in a war against </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Ferrara</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and the city’s Duke </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ercole_I_d%27Este,_Duke_of_Ferrara"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Ercol d’Est</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">é</span></span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_ednref19" style="mso-endnote-id: edn19;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. The Venetians were not impressed
with the proposal to fight Ferrara, deeming the pope too weak to successfully
undertake the project.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The
family’s return to the Romagna brought news of two failed plots against them in
Imola and a conspiracy to murder Girolamo in Forli</span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_ednref20" style="mso-endnote-id: edn20;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xx]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. The conspirators’ bodies decorated
the city walls to greet the couple’s return. They did not stay long before
returning to Rome.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In the
spring of 1482 Venice declared war on Ferrara over the control of the salt
marshes on the </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Adriatic</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> coast; </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Naples"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Alfonso</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, the </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Calabria"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Duke of Calabria</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> and Milan and Florence sided with the d’Est</span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">é</span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> while </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Genoa</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> sided with its fellow maritime republic.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Robert_Malatesta.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="398" data-original-width="393" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Robert_Malatesta.jpg" width="315" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Roberto Malatesta</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Girolamo
was ordered to defend Rome against attack and he set up camp on the </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appian_Way"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Via Appia</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> inside the city walls. He claimed he was ensuring that
the citizens did not revolt. Rumours spread through the city that Girolamo and
his men were dicing on the high altar of </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbasilica_of_St._John_Lateran"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">St John Lateran</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, sitting on cases containing sacred
relics collected from throughout Europe and the middle-east.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In
August the Venetians sent their condottiere </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Malatesta"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Roberto Malatesta</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> to help protect the holy city. Duke Alfonso, along with
supporters of the Colonna family, was outside the city and on 20<sup>th</sup>
August the two sides met in battle at </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Campomorto"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Campo Morto</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_ednref21" style="mso-endnote-id: edn21;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xxi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">; the papal army won the day; much to
Caterina’s chagrin, Girolamo had stayed behind to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">guard </i>the camp while the troops were led by Malatesta who died of
dysentery nine days after his victory</span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_ednref22" style="mso-endnote-id: edn22;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xxii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. All sides agreed to an armistice in
November.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Italian
Dynasties – Edward Burman, Equation 1989<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Deadly
Sisterhood – Leonie Frieda, Harper Collins 2013<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Rise and
Fall of the Medici – Christopher Hibbert, Folio Society 2001<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Borgias
– Mary Hollingsworth, Quercus Editions Ltd 2014<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Tigress of
Forli – Elizabeth Lev, Head of Zeus Ltd, 2012<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Families
Who Made Rome – Anthony Majanlahti, Pimlico 2006<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">April Blood
– Lauro Martines, Jonathan Cape 2003<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Borgias
– GJ Meyer, Bantam Books 2013<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Absolute
Monarchs – John Julius Norwich, Random House 2011<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Niccolo’s
Smile – Maurizio Viroli, IB Tauris & Co Ltd 2001<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<a href="http://www.wikipedia.en/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">www.wikipedia.en</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--><br />
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
See </span><a href="http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2015/05/at-court-of-borgia-ii.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2015/05/at-court-of-borgia-ii.html</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
A city coveted by Lorenzo de’ Medici<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
A condottiere who had fought with Girolamo at the 1474 siege of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citt%C3%A0_di_Castello"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Citt<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">à</span> di Castello</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> on behalf of the
pope<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The Rise and Fall of the House of Medici - Hibbert<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Another scion of the Riario family who saw the conspiracy as a route to
becoming Archbishop of Florence<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Sixtus’ seventeen year old great nephew<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
He was attacked by two priests, unused to using weapons they only managed to
cut Lorenzo’s neck. A further attack by the Pazzi family client was intercepted
by one of Lorenzo’s inner circle who threw himself in front of Lorenzo and was
gutted for his pains<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The home of the Florence <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Signoria</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Petrucci had had the doors of the palazzo fitted with hinges that they did not
open from the inside<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The Rise and Fall of the House of Medici - Hibbert<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
A town of about 10,000 including those living in the countryside round about;
Forli, on the east of the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apennine_Mountains"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Apennines</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> was
protected by great redoubts<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn12" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_edn12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The head of the family had recently died and his infant heir had been poisoned;
the Ordelaffi had seized Forli from the Sforza<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn13" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_edn13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Tigress of Forli - Lev<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn14" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_edn14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Pisa"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Archbishop of Pisa</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_of_Alexandria"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Patriarch of Alexandria</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn15" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_edn15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<u><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">This was a reference to the fire that broke out in the
house intended to be Caterina and Girolamo’s new home</span></span><o:p></o:p></u></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn16" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_edn16" style="mso-endnote-id: edn16;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Ibid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn17" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_edn17" style="mso-endnote-id: edn17;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Allegedly costing 100,000 ducats. </span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In 2016 the
relative:</span></strong><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></strong><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">historic standard of living</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or
wealth is £71,750,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of that income or wealth is £658,500,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic status</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or
wealth is £1,720,000,000.00, </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic power</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £43,100,000,000.00 </span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn18" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_edn18" style="mso-endnote-id: edn18;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xviii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The Deadly Sisterhood - Frieda<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn19" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_edn19" style="mso-endnote-id: edn19;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Caterina’s sister Anna was married to Ercole’s son Alfonso<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn20" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_edn20" style="mso-endnote-id: edn20;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xx]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
One of these plots was masterminded by the Ordelaffi, another was supported by
Lorenzo de’ Medici and Alfonso d’Est<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">é</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn21" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_edn21" style="mso-endnote-id: edn21;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xxi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
An area of stagnant water where malaria was rife<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn22" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20III.docx" name="_edn22" style="mso-endnote-id: edn22;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xxii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Girolamo immediately rushed to </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimini"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Rimini</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">,
the Malatesta’s city, in an attempt to seize it from Malatesta’s young son.
This shameful action was blocked by Florence.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Helen Lashbrookhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14806155400041511316noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2785735485564651497.post-34032071207802893352017-11-13T02:10:00.001-08:002017-11-14T01:26:35.883-08:00Caterina Sforza II
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Melozzo_da_Forl%C3%AC_001.jpg/504px-Melozzo_da_Forl%C3%AC_001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="504" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Melozzo_da_Forl%C3%AC_001.jpg/504px-Melozzo_da_Forl%C3%AC_001.jpg" width="336" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Girolamo Riario (2nd L) Sixtus VI (R)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">A Betrothal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Christmas 1472
was an elaborate affair at the Milanese court. Everyone was treated to a new
wardrobe and hundreds of yards of red and black velvet were used to create
clothing decorated with gold or silver brocade. On Christmas Eve the court
assembled with their guests who included Ludovico Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pino_I_Ordelaffi"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Pino Ordelaffi</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, Lord of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forl%C3%AC"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Forli</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_II_Bentivoglio"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Giovanni Bentivoglio</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, ruler of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Bologna</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Riario" title="Girolamo Riario"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Girolamo
Riario</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Girolamo was
the son of Paolo Riario</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">
and Bianca della Rovere, sister of the pope. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Girolamo’s
uncle had made him </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_General_of_the_Church"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Captain General of the Church</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> the year before. Girolamo was poorly
educated </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">and had
spent much of his life selling fruit on street corners before his uncle was
elected pope<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span></span>Girolamo was habitually over-dressed
in gold or silver brocade studded with jewels<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><u>. <o:p></o:p></u></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Galeazzo
Maria planned a marriage between one of his cousins, eleven year old Constanza
Fogliani</span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, and Girolamo to strengthen his ties
to the pope and increase his powerbase. Girolamo’s demand that he have sexual
relations immediately after the engagement was refused by Constanza’s mother</span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, something which surprised Galeazzo
Maria. He wrote to his ambassador in Rome;<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">‘To tell the truth,
Lady Gabriella seems strange and wild to us. We have been considerate of her
because she is a woman and, this being the nature of women, we don’t want to
argue with them.’</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Attempts
to persuade Girolamo failed and he threatened to depart without agreeing to the
marriage. Desperate to retain the pope’s favour</span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Galeazzo Maria then proposed that
Girolamo marry his ten year old daughter Caterina. On 17<sup>th</sup> January
1473 Girolamo accepted the offer and the wedding contract was agreed in a
ceremony with only Galeazzo Maria, Bona and the court doctor in attendance. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Marriage<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In
February Girolamo gave Caterina gifts including ‘two dresses of brocade and
velvet, three pearl necklaces, a pair of jewelled thimbles and a momentously
tasteless jewel ‘in the shape of a peasant’ with a pearl for a head.’ That
Girolamo slept with the ten year old Caterina was made quite clear by another
letter from her proud father to his ambassador;<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/PietroRiarioTomb.jpg/308px-PietroRiarioTomb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="308" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/PietroRiarioTomb.jpg/308px-PietroRiarioTomb.jpg" width="205" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tomb of Cardinal Pietro Riario </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">‘Count Girolamo
leaves this morning from here to return to His Holiness the Pope…..he slept
with his wife another time and he is very happy and content.’</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The
new husband left his wife with her relatives in Milan. The pope felt forced to
issue a </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bull"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">papal bull</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> to sort out the irregularities in
the marriage, absolving his nephew of illegal intercourse and declaring the
last minute switch in brides valid. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Given
the haste of the arrangements minor matters such as Caterina’s dowry were dealt
with after the wedding. Galeazzo Maria gave Caterina a dowry of 10,000 ducats</span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> which Sixtus insisted be augmented
by the addition of Imola. Galeazzo Maria consented on the understanding that
Imola should be passed on to Girolamo’s heir. Sixtus paid Galeazzo Maria 40,000
ducats</span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> to make his nephew Lord of Imola</span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. The deal was sealed by </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Riario"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Cardinal Pietro Riario</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, Girolamo’s younger brother.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">On
3<sup>rd</sup> January 1474 Girolamo’s brother Pietro died at the age of
twenty-eight leaving his uncle ‘heart-broken’. Rumour had it that he had been
poisoned by the Venetians, but it is possible that his years of overindulgence
caught up with him. His rapidly accrued vast wealth was left to his brother.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Death of a Father<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Frontespizio_Lamento_del_duca_Galeazzo_Maria_-Sforza%2C_1444-1473-%2C_1476.jpg/570px-Frontespizio_Lamento_del_duca_Galeazzo_Maria_-Sforza%2C_1444-1473-%2C_1476.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="570" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Frontespizio_Lamento_del_duca_Galeazzo_Maria_-Sforza%2C_1444-1473-%2C_1476.jpg/570px-Frontespizio_Lamento_del_duca_Galeazzo_Maria_-Sforza%2C_1444-1473-%2C_1476.jpg" width="380" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Murder of Galeazzo Maria Sforza</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Duke
Galeazzo Maria became increasingly unpopular with his subjects as a result of
his extravagance which not unnaturally coincided with increased taxes</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">,
and his behaviour which became increasingly cruel and bizarre. In December 1476
he and his family returned to Milan to celebrate Christmas; Bona begged Galeazzo
Mari not to attend the service at Sant Stefano’s on Christmas Day, claiming to
have dreamt of his murdered body.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Arriving at
the church Galeazzo Maria found three courtiers among the congregation waiting
for him to arrive; </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Visconti"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Carlo Visconti</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerolamo_Olgiati"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Gerolamo Olgiati</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_ednref13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Andrea_Lampugnani"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Giovanni Andrea Lampugnani</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_ednref14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. The three, along with their
henchman surrounded Galeazzo Maria and Lampugnani slammed a dagger into
Galeazzo’s torso and then his throat. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘A scene of indescribable
violence then ensued.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_ednref15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Members of
the duke’s entourage were killed and women had their jewellery ripped from
their persons. Lampugnani attempted to hide among the congregation pretending
to be a woman; he was ripped to pieces and fed to the pigs. Eleven of the
conspirators were rounded up by the ducal guard and their remains strung up on
the ramparts of the city. Several days later Visconti and Olgiati were
apprehended. Visconti claimed;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ed/BonaSavoy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="384" data-original-width="322" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ed/BonaSavoy.jpg" width="335" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bona of Savoy</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘Were I to be reborn ten
times, and ten times to perish in these torments, I would give my blood and all
my strength for this sacred end.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_ednref16" style="mso-endnote-id: edn16;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Galeazzo
Maria’s will left his wife Bona as the regent for their seven year old son Gian
Galeazzo The real work of governing the dukedom fell to </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicco_Simonetta"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Cicco Simonetta</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_ednref17" style="mso-endnote-id: edn17;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> who saw the regent and the new duke
through the perilous aftermath of the assassination. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Galeazzo
Maria’s brother </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Ludovico</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_ednref18" style="mso-endnote-id: edn18;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xviii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> believed that it should be he, not
Bona who should act as regent to his nephew. He was able to make his move after
Bona set up a favourite, Antonio Tassino a low born gambler. Having divided
Bona from Simonetta by persuading her that he was acting against her best
interests, Ludovico claimed that Bona was having an affair with Tassino. Bona
went into exile and Ludovico took over the reins of government. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Family Affairs</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Campo_dei_Fiori.jpg/800px-Campo_dei_Fiori.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="560" data-original-width="800" height="280" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Campo_dei_Fiori.jpg/800px-Campo_dei_Fiori.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Campo de' Fiori</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In April
1477, now fourteen, Caterina was formally married in Milan to Girolamo in a
proxy private ceremony. She had spent the years apart from her husband in
continuing her education and she learnt to play </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palla"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">palla</span></span></i></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> which was all the rage amongst the
Milanese aristocracy</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_ednref19" style="mso-endnote-id: edn19;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.
The couple did not communicate in the time apart and during that period Girolamo
had produced an illegitimate son Scipione, <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In May Caterina
travelled to Rome. On 26<sup>th</sup> May Caterina was presented to the pope
who decided to preside over a second wedding service which he promptly did. The
ceremony was followed by a banquet for two hundred of the couple’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">closest friends</i> at the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsini_family"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Orsini</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> palace in </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de%27_Fiori"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Campo de’ Fiori</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. The pope was quite clearly overjoyed by the alliance and
gave Caterina;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘So many caresses that it
appears to us that her Ladyship is so well beloved by His Holiness that he
makes no difference between her and my Lord the Count [Girolamo].’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_ednref20" style="mso-endnote-id: edn20;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xx]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In
March 1478 Caterina bore her first child, </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianca_Riario"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Bianca</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_ednref21" style="mso-endnote-id: edn21;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xxi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">in</span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rome.
</span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottaviano_Riario"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Ottaviano</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_ednref22" style="mso-endnote-id: edn22;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xxii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> was born just over a year later on
31<sup>st</sup> August 1479. Early in the year Girolamo bought a palazzo for
his family, situated behind the </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_Navona"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Piazza Navona</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. With his taste for conspicuous consumption Girolamo
hired the papal court painter </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melozzo_da_Forl%C3%AC"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Melozzo da Forli</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> to create the murals which were <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">de rigeur</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Italian
Dynasties – Edward Burman, Equation 1989<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Deadly
Sisterhood – Leonie Frieda, Harper Collins 2013<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Tigress of
Forli – Elizabeth Lev, Head of Zeus Ltd, 2012<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Families
Who Made Rome – Anthony Majanlahti, Pimlico 2006<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Absolute
Monarchs – John Julius Norwich, Random House 2011<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Niccolo’s
Smile – Maurizio Viroli, IB Tauris & Co Ltd 2001<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<a href="http://www.wikipedia.en/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">www.wikipedia.en</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--><br />
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
A condottiere<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
A shoemaker<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
The daughter of Galeazzo Maria’s uncle Corrado Fogliani , Marchese de </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vighizzolo_d%27Este"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Vighizzola</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, and
Gabriella Gonzaga, the illegitimate daughter of Ludovico Gonzaga.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Normal practise was to wait until the legal age of consummation - fourteen<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Tigress of Forli - Lev<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The Holy Roman Emperor had refused to confirm Galeazzo Maria as Duke of Milan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Tigress of Forli - Lev<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">In 2016
the relative: </span></strong><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">historic standard of living</span></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £7,741,000.00, </span></span><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of that income or wealth is
£63,920,000.00, </span></span><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic status</span></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £198,500,000.00, </span></span><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic power</span></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or
wealth is £5,104,000,000.00 </span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">In 2016
the relative: </span></strong><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">historic standard of living</span></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £30,960,000.00, </span></span><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of that income or wealth is
£255,700,000.00, </span></span><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic status</span></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £794,100,000.00, </span></span><em><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic power</span></em><span style="color: #333300; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or
wealth is £20,420,000,000.00 </span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></span></a><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Galeazzo Maria had been negotiating with Lorenzo de’ Medici who had offered
100,000 ducats for the town<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
One year Galeazzo Maria spent 40,000 ducats solely on jewels<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn12" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_edn12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
A member of the powerful </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Visconti"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Visconti family</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> from
whom the dukedom had been seized by Francesco Sforza. Carlo was a secretary in
the Milanese Council of Justice<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn13" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_edn13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
A supporter of Cola Montano who had been publicly whipped for lampooning
Galeazzo Maria; it was Montano who proposed assassinating the duke<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn14" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_edn14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Whose family had been involved in a dispute over land in which Galeazzo Maria
had refused to support them<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn15" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_edn15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The Deadly Sisterhood - Frieda<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn16" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_edn16" style="mso-endnote-id: edn16;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Ibid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn17" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_edn17" style="mso-endnote-id: edn17;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
A former secretary to Francesco Sforza<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn18" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_edn18" style="mso-endnote-id: edn18;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xviii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
He became duke after Gian Galeazzo’s death despite the presence of a male heir,
</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Sforza_(il_Duchetto)"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Francesco</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn19" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_edn19" style="mso-endnote-id: edn19;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Galeazzo Maria set up an indoor palla court in the castle<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn20" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_edn20" style="mso-endnote-id: edn20;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xx]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The Deadly Sisterhood - Frieda<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn21" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_edn21" style="mso-endnote-id: edn21;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xxi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Engaged to Astorre Manfreddi of Faenza<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn22" style="mso-element: endnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza%20II.docx" name="_edn22" style="mso-endnote-id: edn22;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xxii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[xxii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Lord of Imola and Forlì (1488–99),
later </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Volterra"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Bishop of Volterra</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Viterbo"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Viterbo</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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Helen Lashbrookhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14806155400041511316noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2785735485564651497.post-46148956848304062102017-11-06T01:50:00.000-08:002017-11-07T00:09:37.519-08:00Caterina Sforza
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Francesco_Sforza.jpg/373px-Francesco_Sforza.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="373" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Francesco_Sforza.jpg/373px-Francesco_Sforza.jpg" width="248" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Francesco Sforza</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Capturing a Dukedom<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterina_Sforza"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Caterina</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> was born in 1463, the daughter of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeazzo_Maria_Sforza"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Galeazzo Maria Sforza</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, eldest son of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_I_Sforza"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Francesco Sforza</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Duke of Milan</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, and his mistress </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucrezia_Landriani"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Lucrezia Landriani</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Lucrezia had been married off to Count Gian Piero
Landriani, a compliant Milanese courtier and friend of Galeazzo Maria’s.
Caterina was acknowledged by her father and was brought up in the ducal
household. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Francesco
Sforza was the first Sforza duke of Milan; previously he had been a </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condottieri"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">condottierre</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">. </span></span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">His father had been taken into the
service of </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Maria_Visconti"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Filippo Maria Visconti</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, the then duke. Francesco married
Visconti’s illegitimate daughter </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianca_Maria_Visconti"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Bianca Maria</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><u> </u>and when her father died Francesco planned
to take over the dukedom. His plan was foiled by the Milanese nobility who
immediately declared the city a republic.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The
fledgling republic faced notable enemies</span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, foremost of which was </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Venice</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Francesco was hired to lead Milan’s armies; he swiftly
retook the territories seized by Venice and then turned round and in 1448 did a
deal with Milan’s enemy. Francesco turned his troops round to seize Milan for
himself following a siege of two months duration.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">One
of Francesco’s priorities was the rebuilding of Milan’s defences and he rebuilt
the<u> </u></span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sforza_Castle"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Portia Giovia</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. He later had the </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policlinico_of_Milan"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Maggiore hospital</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><u> </u>built. Francesco encouraged the
setting up of printing presses and innovation in industry. Then as now, Milan
was also a centre of the fashion industry, where the fashion for dagging</span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> was invented. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><u>Childhood<o:p></o:p></u></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Piero_Pollaiuolo_Portrait_of_Galeazzo_Maria_Sforza.jpg/387px-Piero_Pollaiuolo_Portrait_of_Galeazzo_Maria_Sforza.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="387" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Piero_Pollaiuolo_Portrait_of_Galeazzo_Maria_Sforza.jpg/387px-Piero_Pollaiuolo_Portrait_of_Galeazzo_Maria_Sforza.jpg" width="257" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Galeazzo Maria Sforza</td></tr>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">When
Caterina was three her grandfather died and Galeazzo Maria became Duke of Milan
and the family took up residence in the Portia Giovia. Galeazzo Maria was a man
of some learning and discernment; he was also a competent ruler, although
arrogant and, according to rumour, given to psychopathic inhumanity towards
others</span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. For the first few years of his
reign as duke his mother ruled alongside him. He complained that she frequently
treated him;<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">‘As if he were a boy
of little intelligence.’</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Once
Galeazzo Maria had married </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bona_of_Savoy"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Bona of Savoy</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> in 1468, he sent his mother to live
in </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremona"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Cremona</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><u>.<o:p></o:p></u></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Caterina
was educated along with her four legitimate half-brothers and sisters; </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Sforza"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Gian Galeazzo</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> (born 14<sup>th</sup> June 1469),
Hermes Maria Sforza (born 10<sup>th</sup> May 1470)</span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><u>, </u></span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianca_Maria_Sforza"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Bianca Maria</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> (born 5<sup>th</sup> April 1472)</span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Sforza"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Anna Maria</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> (born 21<sup>st</sup> July 1476)</span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Francesco_Filelfo_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="451" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Francesco_Filelfo_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg" width="267" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Francesco Filefo</td></tr>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The
children’s tutor was </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Filelfo"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Francesco Filelfo</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, a noted humanist and the poet of the Milanese court</span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. The children were taught Latin and
perused the works of </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Seneca</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><u>, </u></span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Cicero</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Virgil</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, The ducal library contained over one thousand books. The
religious side of their education was not neglected and the children studied
the lives of the saints. Caterina apparently read<u> </u></span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Boccaccio</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">’s<u> </u></span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Mulieribus_Claris"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">De Mulieribus Claris</span></span></i></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></i></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">All
the Sforza children were also taught to fight along with some military strategy,
learning to use weapons as well as riding and how to hunt. Caterina frequently
accompanied her stepmother and her grandmother to the family hunting grounds at
</span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Pavia</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. An intrepid horsewoman as well as a
beauty Bona treated Caterina as one of her own brood. She may have taught
Caterina much of her own political savvy.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">A Trip to Florence<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mantova_Skyline.jpg/800px-Mantova_Skyline.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="443" data-original-width="800" height="221" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mantova_Skyline.jpg/800px-Mantova_Skyline.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mantua</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In March 1471
the eight year old Caterina was one of the family who made a triumphal progress
to </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantua"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Mantua</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Ferrara</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Florence"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Florence</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> to celebrate Galeazzo Maria’s
appointment as Duke. The family all had splendid new outfits to bedazzle the
rich and mighty of the territories they would travel to en route to Florence. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Fourteen
carriages, drawn by horses with cloth of gold drapes, carried the family and
courtiers and they had an escort of a hundred knights, five hundred foot
soldiers and fifty grooms, all wearing the Sforza red and white. To entertain
him on the journey Galeazzo Maria travelled with his huntsmen, hounds hawks,
falcons, dwarves, jesters and musicians.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The first
stop was Mantua where the family were the guests of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_III_Gonzaga,_Marquis_of_Mantua"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Ludovico Gonzaga</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margravate_of_Mantua"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Marquis of Mantua</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Gonzaga was an art lover and his
court painter was </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Mantegna"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Andrea Mantegna</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> who was working on the frescoes of
the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_degli_Sposi"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Camera Picta</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> which was nearly complete. Galeazzo
Maria much admired the work.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e5/GianoMediciRicardi.gif/422px-GianoMediciRicardi.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="422" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e5/GianoMediciRicardi.gif/422px-GianoMediciRicardi.gif" width="281" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Palazzo Medici</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Upon their
arrival in Florence the family were greeted by </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Lorenzo de’ Medici</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> who had them stay with him in his </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Medici_Riccardi"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">palazzo</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> on the Via Larga</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_ednref13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.
Lorenzo arranged for one of his favourite artists, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_del_Pollaiolo"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Piero del Pollaiolo</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, to paint Galeazzo Maria. Among
other spectacles the family was taken to see ‘the Ascension of Christ’ at the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Carmine,_Florence"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">church of Santa Maria del Carmine</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Local children played the parts of
angels who flew through the air on wires.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The simply
dressed Florentines were scandalised by the excesses of Milanese fashion,
feeling that it gave the wrong impression to the city’s younger inhabitants; </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Machiavelli</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> commented that the Milanese
acerbated the Florentine desire for;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘Courtly finery and customs
contrary to any well-ordered society, he [Galeazzo Maria] left it even more
so.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_ednref14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The visit
with Lorenzo imbued Galeazzo Maria with respect for his host. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">A Brush With Death </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_72r_1.png/800px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_72r_1.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="535" data-original-width="800" height="267" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_72r_1.png/800px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_72r_1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Milan</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Not long
after his return from Florence Galeazzo Maria fell ill with </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">smallpox</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Bona, who would become Regent in the event of her husband’s death,
wrote to her brother-in-law </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XI_of_France"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Louis XI</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, the king of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">France</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. She asked Louis for his support for
her two year old son Gian Galeazzo’s claim to the dukedom. She also wrote to
Mantua asking for support from the Gonzaga family. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Fortunately
Bona’s precautions were unnecessary as Galeazzo Maria recovered, much to the
surprise of his doctors. This brush with death invigorated him and, possibly
inspired by Lorenzo de’ Medici, set Milan on a new course. Art, architecture
and music were encouraged and flourished and Milan emerged as a rival to
Florence. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The family
chapel became famous and musicians and composers came from as far as the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Low Countries</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Naples</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_ednref15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> to perform there. Caterina
benefitted from her father’s decision; she learnt to appreciate art and to
compose and recite Latin poetry. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Galeazzo
Maria was also looking to expand his domains and in 1471 took the town of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imola"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Imola</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> from the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfredi_family"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Manfredi family</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. His plans were not hindered by the
death of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_II"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Pope Paul II</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> on 26<sup>th</sup> July 1471</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_ednref16" style="mso-endnote-id: edn16;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.
In his place </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Pope
Sixtus IV</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_ednref17" style="mso-endnote-id: edn17;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;">[xvii]</span></u></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></u></span></a><u><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">was elected with the connivance of
Galeazzo Maria, a fact of which Sixtus was well aware. </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Italian
Dynasties – Edward Burman, Equation 1989<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Deadly
Sisterhood – Leonie Frieda, Harper Collins 2013<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Rise and
Fall of the House of Medici – Christopher Hibbert, Folio Society 2001<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Tigress of
Forli – Elizabeth Lev, Head of Zeus Ltd, 2012<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Families
Who Made Rome – Anthony Majanlahti, Pimlico 2006<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Absolute
Monarchs – John Julius Norwich, Random House 2011<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">A
Renaissance Tapestry – Kate Simon, Harrap Ltd 1988<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Niccolo’s
Smile – Maurizio Viroli, IB Tauris & Co Ltd 2001<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<a href="http://www.wikipedia.en/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">www.wikipedia.en</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--><br />
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><u>Milan was a city of about 200,000, one of the largest in
Europe at the time; it was a thriving commercial hub specialising in the
production of silk and armour where agents from across Europe would merge on
the Via dei Spadari where the foremost armourers, the </u></span></span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Missaglia"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Missaglia</span></a><u><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> family, had their palazzo.</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Now known as the Castello Sforzesco<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Specially cut cloth used as decoration; “created <span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">by cutting the edge
of a garment in a regular fashion to prevent it from fraying. This became a
fashion statement as more complex shapes like leaves, tongues and scallops were
introduced as well as a simple triangular cut. It originated in the middle of
the 14th century, perhaps in response to imported fabrics which were harder to
hem, and lasted about 150 years, including on wool and linen garments once it
became a fashion statement not merely a practical response.” </span><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Information provided
by the author of </span></span></span><a href="http://sarahs-history-place.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">http://sarahs-history-place.blogspot.com/</span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
His enemies alleged that he raped the wives and daughters of his nobles and
that he received much pleasure devising tortures for those who had aggravated
him. Additionally he was to supervise the torturing of such individuals, even
lending a hand from time to tome<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Tigress of Forli - Lev<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Bona had been due to become </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Edward IV</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">’s
affianced bride,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>until the news of his
marriage to </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Elizabeth
Woodville</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> became public<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Marquis of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortona"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Tortona</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Married to </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Holy
Roman Emperor</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Maximilian
I</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
She later married </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_I_d%27Este,_Duke_of_Ferrara"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Alfonso
d’Est<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">é</span>,</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Ferrara_and_of_Modena"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Duke of
Ferrera</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Author of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sforzinda</i>, an epic poem
detailing Francesco Sforza’s deeds which no doubt accounted for his popularity<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
A study of 104 women including </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_I_of_Naples"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Joanna of Jerusalem</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
who had hired Caterina’s great grandfather </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzio_Sforza"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Muzio Attendolo</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> as a
bodyguard and lover.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn12" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_edn12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The Gonzagas were former condottiere too<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn13" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_edn13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
The two families were allied; </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosimo_de%27_Medici"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Cosimo de’ Medici</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
had opened a bank in Milan after Francesco became duke<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn14" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_edn14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Tigress of Forli - Lev<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn15" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_edn15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Galeazzo Maria enticed several of the king’s performers away from Naples to
sing in his choir not long after negotiating an alliance with the king<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn16" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_edn16" style="mso-endnote-id: edn16;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
From a stroke allegedly engendered by his love of comely young men and melons<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn17" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Caterina%20Sforza.docx" name="_edn17" style="mso-endnote-id: edn17;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Former general of the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscans"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Franciscans</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
and a distinguished theologian who was to become known for his nepotism (one of
his first actions as pope was to make two of his nephews cardinals) and
spending money like water; his coronation tiara cost about one third of the
annual income of the papacy. See </span><a href="http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2015/05/at-court-of-borgia-ii.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2015/05/at-court-of-borgia-ii.html</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Helen Lashbrookhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14806155400041511316noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2785735485564651497.post-78740623798568717552017-10-30T04:52:00.002-07:002017-10-31T00:49:26.733-07:00The Bastard of Orléans V
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Jean_de_Dunois.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="324" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Jean_de_Dunois.jpg" width="270" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dunois</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Fall of Rouen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">By 18<sup>th</sup>
October 1449 the French were ready to start the attack on Rouen</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">, defended by the Duke of
Somerset. Charles VII was attached to Dunois’ army that had invaded Normandy
from the east. Charles directed the attack on Rouen from </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont-de-l%27Arche"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Pont-de-l’Arche</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><u><span style="color: blue;">. </span></u></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Dunois endeavoured to scale the walls
but the stratagem was foiled by Talbot who personally led the counter-attack
which drove the French off. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The citizens
of Caen were divided in their allegiance; one group sent an embassy to London
begging for more troops while back at home a mob demanded of Somerset to
surrender the city. Somerset weakly agreed to allow the Archbishop of Rouen to
negotiate with the French. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The English
retreated to the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen_Castle"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">castle</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, leaving the town to the French
sympathisers. The castle did not resist the French artillery attacks for long
and within ten days Somerset had agreed to meet Charles’ demands, which
included handing over of eight hostages and among their number was Talbot</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Somerset then scuttled
off to </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caen"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Caen</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Vigiles_du_roi_Charles_VII_32.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="426" data-original-width="530" height="321" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Vigiles_du_roi_Charles_VII_32.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Charles VII enters Rouen</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">On 10<sup>th</sup>
November;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘The king of France
rode…into his said city, at the side of the Carthusians….Afterwards came the
said lord of Dunois, the lieutenant-general, mounted upon a great horse,
entirely covered with red velvet, with a great White Cross, clothed with a
jacket likewise furred with sable martens….a sword at his side garnished with
gold and precious stones, valued at 20,000 crowns<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.’<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The
French then turned their attention to the remaining fortresses and towns still
held by the English.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Post Rouen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Caen-2.JPG/800px-Caen-2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="300" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Caen-2.JPG/800px-Caen-2.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Caen</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The
keys of Harfleur were handed over to Dunois on a freezing morning on 1<sup>st</sup>
January 1450 after a hard siege</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">. All
English resources were being concentrated on Caen, and the armoury of the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Tower of London</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> had been emptied to arm the defence of English
France. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">1450 was to be a good year
for the Fre</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">nch; </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honfleur"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Honfleur</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> fell on 18<sup>th</sup> February 1450 and on 15<sup>th</sup>
April the French nerved themselves up to fight a major </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Formigny"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">battle</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> at </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formigny"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Formigny</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, which about the destruction of the last major
English army in France. Attention was now turned to Caen, which surrendered
after a siege of only seventeen days</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn6" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Four
columns were sent against the town which was surrounded. The artillery then
aimed at the fortress. The Duke of Somerset had his family with him and it was
after a cannonball penetrated the ducal nursery where the duchess was with her
children, that the English came to terms. Somerset was granted free passage to
England; he preferred to travel to Calais.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">The</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Falaise"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Castle</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falaise,_Calvados"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Falaise</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> fell to the French on 25<sup>th</sup> July
and the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Domfront"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">chateau de Domfront</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><u><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">followed suit on</span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></span></span></u><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">2<sup>nd</sup> August. </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbourg-Octeville"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Cherbourg</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> fell to the French guns
and surrendered on 11<sup>th</sup> August 1450. English rule in northern France
was over, bar the enclave at Calais. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Fran%C3%A7ais_5054%2C_fol._229v%2C_Bataille_de_Castillon_1453.jpg/771px-Fran%C3%A7ais_5054%2C_fol._229v%2C_Bataille_de_Castillon_1453.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="385" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Fran%C3%A7ais_5054%2C_fol._229v%2C_Bataille_de_Castillon_1453.jpg/771px-Fran%C3%A7ais_5054%2C_fol._229v%2C_Bataille_de_Castillon_1453.jpg" width="191" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Battle of Castillon</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Now the
French turned their attention</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> southwards. With John of Angoulême at his side,
Jean led the main operation in the initial campaign for the re-conquest of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyenne"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Guyenne</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">On </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">30<sup>th</sup> June 1451 </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">the French entered </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Bordeaux</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, but the citizens did not view
themselves as French and in March 1452 sent a deputation to London asking for
help to throw out the usurpers. Henry VI sent the aging Talbot back to France
in October and Bordeaux ejected the French garrison. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">On 17<sup>th</sup>
July 1453 Dunois</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> fought
in the final battle of the war at </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Castillon" title="Battle of Castillon"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Castillon</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. During the battle the hidden gun
emplacements in the French camp resulted in numerous English deaths, including
that of Talbot and his </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Talbot,_1st_Viscount_Lisle"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">son</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. One French chronicler recorded;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘Such was the end of this
famous and renowned English leader who for so long had been one of the most
formidable thorns in the side of the French, who regarded him with terror and
dismay.’<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn7" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonne"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Bayonne</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> fell on August 18<sup>th
</sup>1453 and on 3<sup>rd</sup> October 1453 Charles signed the treaty for
return of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquitaine"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Aquitaine</span></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn8" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> to the French town. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">With the loss of Talbot the English
in Bordeaux lost heart and on 10<sup>th</sup> October the French took back
their prize.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Civilian Pursuits</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Dunois and
Marie had two children;</span></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">François
d'Orléans-Longueville, born in 1447</span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn9" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Catherine d'Orléans born in 1449</span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn10" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Dunois also had a bastard named </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Jean d'Orléans by his mistress
Isabelle de </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreux"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Dreux</span></span></a><span style="color: navy; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">. </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Jean was now a rich man, whose
exploits as well as his birth, albeit on the wrong side of the blanket, had
made him a man of standing and renown. At some time between 1440 and 1450
Dunois had a Book of Hours made for himself by the illustrator known as the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunois_Master"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Dunois Master</span></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn11" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. The book was made in Paris at some
time after Dunois helped relieve the city.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7VkP3Kx4YuE/WfcQGTrDNoI/AAAAAAAAAN8/FX50JCh4xQM0XlmkDwaJ6NyxtcijKkjlACLcBGAs/s1600/Dunois.pdf.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="615" data-original-width="1500" height="260" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7VkP3Kx4YuE/WfcQGTrDNoI/AAAAAAAAAN8/FX50JCh4xQM0XlmkDwaJ6NyxtcijKkjlACLcBGAs/s640/Dunois.pdf.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dunois (R) at table</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Dunois was a
key witness in the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrial_of_Joan_of_Arc"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Retrial of Joan of Arc</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> ordered by Charles VII to
rehabilitate the Maid and for his own propaganda exercise. His detailed evidence
was taken down and placed before the prelates considering the matter at the
tribunal. On 7<sup>th</sup> July 1456 Joan was declared innocent of heresy;</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">‘We, in session of our court and having God only before our eyes….proclaim
that Joan did not contract any taint of infamy and that she shall be and is
washed clean of such.’<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn12" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Between 1459
and 1468 Dunois added the west wing, the </span><i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">‘aile Dunois’,</span></i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> to his chateau at Chàteaudun, given
him by his brother Orléans. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Insurrection<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Charles_de_France_(1446-1472).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="441" data-original-width="342" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Charles_de_France_(1446-1472).jpg" width="248" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Duc de Berri</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">With the death of Charles VII in July 1461 Dunois saw
his former comrade in arms Louis become king. Four years later, in 1465, the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Berry_(1446%E2%80%931472)"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Duc de Berri</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_II,_Duke_of_Brittany"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Duke of Brittany</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> rose up against Louis XI; they led
the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_the_Public_Weal" title="League of the Public Weal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">League of the Public Weal</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">; Dunois was another of the league’s leaders. He and his
half-brother Charles were angered by Louis’ alliance with </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_I_Sforza"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Francesco Sforza</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, who had taken the Duchy of Milan that the Orléans
family believed was theirs’ through Valentina Visconti. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Louis’ tongue was responsible for much of the
dissatisfaction among his nobles, that and his determination to control them
more closely. His treatment of the Orléans family was a case in point; Louis
had publicly mocked the family’s Italian ambitions</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn13" name="_ednref13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and referred
slightingly to Dunois as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘an elder of
Susannah’ </i>and had made fun of Charles’ wife’s pregnancy<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The rebellion was joined by the Duke of Burgundy, who
was<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>persuaded to support the league by
his son the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Bold"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Count of Charolais</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, following an attempt on his life believed
to have been orchestrated by Louis, </span></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Charles_the_Bold_1460.jpg/398px-Charles_the_Bold_1460.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="398" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Charles_the_Bold_1460.jpg/398px-Charles_the_Bold_1460.jpg" width="265" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Count of Charolais</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘My lord of Berry….is indeed
near Chartres with [my] fair cousins of Brittany and Dunois and a large army
and that the king has left Bourbonnais to withdraw up here.’<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn14" name="_ednref14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In March
Dunois loaded his valuables onto a barge and floated them down the Loire to
become the revolt’s leading light. Louis assembled an army as Bourbon’s men
took over key positions in the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbonnais"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Bourbonnais</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auvergne"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Auvergne</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Along with Odet d’Aydie</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn15" name="_ednref15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Dunois was entrusted with
countering the king’s propaganda which he did with great enthusiasm, making
claims on Bourbon’s behalf of ill-treatment by Louis. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">By July the
king was at Beaugency awaiting the arrival of the rebel army, led by Dunois who
was suffering from gout but directing operations from a litter. The rebels took
up position in Dunois’ fortress at Chateaudûn, in a position to fall on the
king’s flank or to join with the Burgundian army.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">After a
series of stalemates the league presented its demands to a delegation from the
king and Dunois was the one chosen to make the presentation. Louis made peace
with the princes at the Treaty of St Maur on 25<sup>th</sup> October 1465. He
made concessions to the various nobles ranged against him and, having pardoned
him, Louis placed Dunois at the head of the Council of Thirty Six, a committee
to review abuses of government. But like his father before him Louis was not
one to be bound by treaties he made. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Dunois’ wife
Marie died in 1464 and Dunois died on 23<sup>rd</sup> November 1468 at the
château de </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Ha%C3%BF-les-Roses"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">L'Haÿ-les-Roses</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><u><span style="color: blue;">.</span></u></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> At some time before his death Dunois
was made Governor of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Germain-en-Laye"><span style="color: blue;">St Germain-en-Laye</span></a>.
He was buried in the basilica of Notre Dame de </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ry-Saint-Andr%C3%A9"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Cléry</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">where later Louis XI was also interred, leaving behind him
a reputation as one of France’s greatest captains.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Hundred
Years War – Alfred Burne, Folio Society 2005<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Reign of
Henry VI – RA Griffiths, Sutton Publishing Ltd 1998<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The
Fifteenth Century – EF Jacob, Oxford University Press 1997<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Louis XII –
Paul Murray Kendall, Sphere Books Ltd 1974<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">John Talbot
and the War in France – AJ Pollard, Pen and Sword Military 2005<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip the
Good – Richard Vaughan, Boydell Press 2014<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<a href="http://www.montjoye.net/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">www.montjoye.net</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<a href="http://www.wikipedia.en/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">www.wikipedia.en</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The capital of English Normandy<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Who was not released until July 1450 when men under his command surrendered
Falaise<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">In 2015
the relative: </span></strong><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">historic standard of living</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £14,360.00 </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of that income or wealth is £117,200.00. </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic status</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £478,900.00 </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic power</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £8,993,000.00 </span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></a><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Henry VI - Griffiths<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Somerset had promised to hand the port over<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Despite a reputation as the strongest castle in Normandy<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref7" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Hundred Years War - Burne<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref8" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Nearly 300 years after </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Eleanor of Aquitaine</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
brought the county as her dowry when marrying </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Henry II</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> in 1152<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref9" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Later Count of Dunois, Tancarville,
Longueville, and Montgomery, Baron of </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varenguebec"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Varenguebec</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">, Viscount of Melun, Chamberlain of France,
Governor of Normandy and the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauphin%C3%A9"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Dauphiné</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">, Constable and Chamberlain of Normandy, married 2 July 1466 to </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agn%C3%A8s_de_Savoie&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Agnès de Savoie (page does not exist)"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Agnès de Savoie</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> (1445–1508).
</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">They had one son, François
d'Orléans-Longueville (1447-1491), who eventually became the <i>duc de
Dunois-Longueville</i></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref10" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Married 14 May 1468 to </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_II_of_Nassau-Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Johann II of Nassau-Saarbrücken"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Johann II of Nassau-Saarbrücken</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> (1430–1472), </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Roucy" title="Count of Roucy"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Count of Roucy</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">; died in 1501</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref11" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
An associate of the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_Master"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Bedford
Master</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn12" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref12" name="_edn12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrial_of_Joan_of_Arc"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrial_of_Joan_of_Arc</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn13" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref13" name="_edn13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Which Charles son </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Louis</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
was to pursue when he became king after the death of Louis’ son </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Charles VIII</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">;
see </span><a href="http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2015/10/renaissance-france-anne-of-brittany-v.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2015/10/renaissance-france-anne-of-brittany-v.html</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn14" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref14" name="_edn14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Philip the Good - Vaughan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div id="edn15" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref15" name="_edn15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_of_Comminges"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Count of Commines</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Helen Lashbrookhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14806155400041511316noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2785735485564651497.post-41992538218324472062017-10-23T01:16:00.001-07:002017-10-24T00:07:57.004-07:00The Bastard of Orléans IV<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Talbot_Dog_Margaret_Henry_VI_Shrewsbury_Manuscript.jpeg/549px-Talbot_Dog_Margaret_Henry_VI_Shrewsbury_Manuscript.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="549" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Talbot_Dog_Margaret_Henry_VI_Shrewsbury_Manuscript.jpeg/549px-Talbot_Dog_Margaret_Henry_VI_Shrewsbury_Manuscript.jpeg" width="365" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Henry VI (L), Talbot (C), Margaret of Anjou (R)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "papyrus"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Talbot Returns<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">In the
summer of 1442 when </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Talbot,_1st_Earl_of_Shrewsbury"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">John Talbot</span></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">, the newly created Earl of
Shrewsbury, returned to France for the new campaigning season. He focussed on
the French enclave south of the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Seine</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> and in mid-July marched on </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Conches-en-Ouche"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Conches</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Dunois was
in charge of an army in the south which attacked </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallardon"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Gallardon</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> to draw off Talbot’s men. Talbot’s men took Conches before marching to
save Gallardon where Dunois’ presence and the sallies made by the French
garrison from Évreux put paid to Talbot’s plans. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Talbot then
turned his eye on Dieppe and took his army thence in November.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "constantia" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘The erll of Shrewsbury layd
sege by water and lond to Depe; and kept it a whyle till he ferd so foule with
his men, that thei wolde no longer abyde with him; and so he whas fayne to high
away thense to Rooen.’<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "constantia" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Dunois
followed and, with 1,000 men, took control of the defence of the town. The
dauphin Louis brought 1,500 men to relieve the siege. Faced with a relieving
force and a mutiny in his army Talbot retired to </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Rouen</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> leaving a garrison overlooking the town where he remained ensconced. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">After relieving Dieppe
Dunois travelled to </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Brittany</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> negotiate an alliance with the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_V,_Duke_of_Brittany"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Duke</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> and returned with Breton
soldiers for his army. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "papyrus"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Brothers Reunited</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chateaudun_Chateau_06.jpg/800px-Chateaudun_Chateau_06.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" height="266" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chateaudun_Chateau_06.jpg/800px-Chateaudun_Chateau_06.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chateaudun</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Following
his release from his twenty five year long imprisonment in 1440, Charles
d’Orléans, as thanks for his services to the family, gave his half-brother the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Ch%C3%A2teaudun"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">castle</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> at </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teaudun"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Châteaudun</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">January
1443 saw the death of La Hire from a chill picked up at the siege of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_R%C3%A9ole"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">La Réole</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> during the exceptionally cold winter of
1442-3. The town surrendered in the autumn but the garrison in the chateau de
Quat’Sos stubbornly stuck it out and the cold was particularly trying for the
French soldiers in the trenches around the fortifications. In 1443 Dunois led the
French forces to the relief of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angers"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Angers</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">, being besieged by the English. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">And in that same year he was made </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Longueville"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Count of Longueville</span></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><u><span style="color: blue;">.</span></u></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/P1060186.JPG/800px-P1060186.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="300" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/P1060186.JPG/800px-P1060186.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chateau de La Guerche</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">In August
1443 Somerset returned to France with an army of 7,000 men. He landed in
Cherbourg and marched along the border between Maine and Brittany. Somerset
committed the cardinal error of attacking and taking the Breton town of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Guerche"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">La</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> Guerche</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">, part of the domain of England’s ally the
Duke of Brittany</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial";">.
Somerset then wandered aimlessly through Maine and when asked by his commanders
what his strategy was, replied; <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "constantia" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘I do not divulge my secret to anyone. If even my
own shirt knew my secret I would burn it.’<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "constantia" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">According to the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Diocese_of_Lisieux"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Bishop of Lisieux</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Basin"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Thomas Basin</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">, who recorded Somerset’s utterance, it was doubtful if even
Somerset knew his own secret.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">1444 saw the
release of John d’Angoulême and after his thirty-two year-long captivity John chose
to fight under his half-brother’s command.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "papyrus"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">The Come Back<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Louis_Blanche2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="471" data-original-width="300" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Louis_Blanche2.jpg" width="202" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Count of Vendome</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">On 22<sup>nd</sup>
January 1445 Dunois, the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis,_Count_of_Vend%C3%B4me"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Count of Vendôme</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">, the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Diocese_of_Vienne#Archbishops"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">archbishop of Vienne</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> and the Duke of Bourbon were given
safe-conducts by the English to attend a peace conference with the Burgundians,
French and English, to be held near </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Compiègne</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">. The conference happened in April in </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vend%C3%B4me"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Vendôme</span></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn6" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">At the
conference a truce was agreed as well as a marriage between Henry VI and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Margaret of Anjou</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">, daughter of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_of_Anjou"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">René of Anjou</span></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn7" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">. The couple were betrothed on 22<sup>nd</sup>
May with an audience of much of the French nobility with the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_la_Pole,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolk"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Earl of Suffolk</span></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn8" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> acting as Henry’s proxy</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn9" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial";">. Suffolk was accused of
making a secret treaty with the French, giving back </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_(province)"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Maine</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">. He repudiated this claim in parliament he;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "constantia" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘Nethir uttered ne communed
of the specialite of the matiers concernyng in any wyse the said Tretie of
peas, nor of what maner of thing the said Tretie shuld be, but only referred it
to oure said Soveraigne Lorde.’<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn10" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "constantia" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Le_Mans_muraille_Gallo_Romaine_nord-est.JPG/800px-Le_Mans_muraille_Gallo_Romaine_nord-est.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="300" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Le_Mans_muraille_Gallo_Romaine_nord-est.JPG/800px-Le_Mans_muraille_Gallo_Romaine_nord-est.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Le Mans</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">By mid
to late 1447 the Duke of Somerset was negotiating with the French for the very
result that Suffolk had claimed he was not doing two years previous, the
handover of the county of Maine to the French. By 15<sup>th</sup> 1448 January
Charles troops were massing on the borders of Maine. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Despite
English promises that the handover would soon take place nothing happened and
the siege of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Mans"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Le Mans</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> began in early March with the guns of the French
army battering the city walls. Dunois led the assault force of 6-7,000 men
which prompted the English to return to the peace talks. Le Mans was handed
over along with the rest of Maine on 15<sup>th</sup> March in a ceremony at the
gates of the city.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4;">
<span style="font-family: "papyrus"; font-size: 11pt;">Reorganisation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/SOAOTO_-_Folio_058R.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="453" data-original-width="300" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/SOAOTO_-_Folio_058R.jpg" width="263" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Duke of Alencon</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Between
1445-8 Charles issued a series of ordinances reorganising his armies; the
remnants of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">écorcheurs </i>formed the
paid permanent basis of the army, formalising the use of the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">lance</span></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn11" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> of which Charles had 1500, with
another 1500 from Languedoc and other lances known as </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">petites ordanances</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn12" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></i><span style="font-family: "arial";">.
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">The
reorganised army was known as the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Compagnies
d’Ordonnance</i>. The companies captains were Dunois, Richemont, the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_II,_Duke_of_Alen%C3%A7on"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Duke of Alençon</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> and Poton de Xaintrailles. The
artillery train was revamped by </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bureau"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Jean Bureau</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_C%C5%93ur"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Jacques Couer</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> rebuilt royal finances at a time when the English were
repeatedly facing bankruptcy. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">The dauphin
Louis was at loggerheads with his father who preferred to appoint men
recommended by René of Anjou. Charles d’Orléans and Dunois were joined with
Louis in resenting this dominance of the house of Anjou. The </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Milanese</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> ambassador reported;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "constantia" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘There are in the bosom of
the House of France bitter jealousies and red-hot factional strife. There could
not be more violent hostility than that which reigns between the illustrious
Lord Dauphin and the King of Sicily….[who] is the one who runs everything in
the realm.’<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn13" name="_ednref13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "constantia" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Vigiles_du_roi_Charles_VII_21.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="509" height="378" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Vigiles_du_roi_Charles_VII_21.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Siege of Fougeres</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">On 17<sup>th</sup>
July 1449 Dunois was made lieutenant general of Normandy; as lieutenant
general. Jean led many of the operations in the re-conquest of Normandy taking
Rouen, Verneuil, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantes-la-Jolie"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Mantes</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon,_Eure"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Vernon</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">, and other towns. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Following the </span></span><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Foug%C3%A8res_(1449)"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">siege</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foug%C3%A8res"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Fougères</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">, in July 1449 Charles VII declared war on the rump
state of England in France and four armies descended on Normandy. The town of
Verneuil</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn14" name="_ednref14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial";"> was recaptured by Dunois
on 19<sup>th</sup> July; he was now positioned to threaten England’s last
holdings in France, Normandy, from the south. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Talbot
marched to defend the town and Dunois counter-marched to meet him. Dunois
refused to attack the English who withdrew to Rouen, allowing an army under joint
command of Dunois and the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bourchier,_1st_Earl_of_Essex"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Count of Eu</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> to take </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont-Audemer"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Pont-Audemer</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">. Dunois and Eu cut the town off from Rouen up river and
Harfleur down river. On 16<sup>th</sup> August Dunois took the town’s surrender
which included the subsidiary fortresses and protective strongholds around the
city.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "papyrus"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Freeing Normandy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ch%C3%A2teau_d'Harcourt_2.jpg/720px-Ch%C3%A2teau_d'Harcourt_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="720" height="332" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ch%C3%A2teau_d'Harcourt_2.jpg/720px-Ch%C3%A2teau_d'Harcourt_2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chateau d'Harcourt</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">In August
1449 the king himself joined Dunois and Eu outside</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> Mantes</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> from where he was able to negotiate
a series of bloodless surrenders as the commanders of the individual garrisons
lost faith in the promises of succour from England. Few places were defended
for more than a few days; the castle at </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harcourt,_Eure"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Harcourt</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> was defended for eight days and the fortress of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touques,_Calvados"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Touques</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> for three. Most surrendered within the day while some
strongholds were deserted when the French arrived.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">In the
autumn of 1449 the </span></span><a href="http://www.montjoye.net/chateau-de-la-roche-guyon"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">château</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> de </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Roche-Guyon"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">la Roche Guyon</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> surrendered after the Governor John Howell promised
to surrender if he was not relieved within fifteen days</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn15" name="_ednref15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[xv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial";">. </span></span><div style="text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/086-Gisors14.jpg/496px-086-Gisors14.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="496" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/086-Gisors14.jpg/496px-086-Gisors14.jpg" width="330" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chateau de Gisors</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The
Duke of Somerset was so enraged by these terms that he sent a team of 24 men to
murder Howell who was married to a French lady; Howell promptly switched sides
and surrendered the castle to Dunois.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">In mid-September
</span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coutances"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Coutances</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> surrendered to the Duke of Brittany and his brother
Arthur de Richemont as they marched with an army of 7,000 men to meet up with
their allies. On 20<sup>th</sup> October the chateau of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Gisors"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">Gisors</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> was surrendered by the governor Richard Merbury
whose son had been taken prisoner by the French at Pont-Audemer. As a reward
Charles made Merbury captain of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Germain-en-Laye"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">St-Germain-en-Laye</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> for life.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "papyrus"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">The Hundred
Years War – Alfred Burne, Folio Society 2005<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">The Reign of
Henry VI – RA Griffiths, Sutton Publishing Ltd 1998<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">The
Fifteenth Century – EF Jacob, Oxford University Press 1997<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Louis XII –
Paul Murray Kendall, Sphere Books Ltd 1974<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Margaret of
Anjou – Helen E Maurer, the Boydell Press 2003<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">John Talbot
and the War in France – AJ Pollard, Pen and Sword Military 2005<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Philip the
Good – Richard Vaughan, Boydell Press 2014<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<a href="http://www.montjoye.net/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">www.montjoye.net</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<a href="http://www.wikipedia.en/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial";">www.wikipedia.en</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> </span></span><!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--><br />
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">
Made </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constable_of_France"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Constable of
France</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> in 1445<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
John Talbot - Pollard<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">
A Countship previously held by </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_du_Guesclin"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Bertrand de Guesclin</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
The town was returned to the duke<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
The Hundred Years War - Burne<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
One of the delays was caused by Charles VII succumbing to an ailment<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref7" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
Nominal King of Sicily<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref8" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
He was created Duke three years later<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref9" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
The wedding took place early the following year<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref10" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
The Reign of Henry VI - Griffiths<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref11" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
Consisting of six mounted men, men-at-arms, one swordsman, two archers, one <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">valet aux armes</i> and a page<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn12" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref12" name="_edn12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
Overall Charles had a standing army of about 15,000 men<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn13" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref13" name="_edn13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: FR;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> <span lang="FR">Louis XI - Kendall<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn14" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref14" name="_edn14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: FR;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> <span lang="FR">Possibly </span></span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verneuil-sur-Indre"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Verneuil</span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"> in </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indre-et-Loire"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Indre et Loire</span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn15" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref15" name="_edn15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">[xv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
Fairly standard terms for a siege to save unnecessary deaths<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Helen Lashbrookhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14806155400041511316noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2785735485564651497.post-89056121348760537352017-10-16T05:27:00.001-07:002017-10-16T23:32:26.158-07:00The Bastard of Orléans III<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Charles_VII_by_Jean_Fouquet_1445_1450.jpg/491px-Charles_VII_by_Jean_Fouquet_1445_1450.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="491" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Charles_VII_by_Jean_Fouquet_1445_1450.jpg/491px-Charles_VII_by_Jean_Fouquet_1445_1450.jpg" width="326" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Charles VII</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Death of the Maid<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">En route to
the coronation news arrived that </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2lons-sur-Vesle"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Châlons</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> had surrendered and the town of
Troyes had changed its allegiance. On 17<sup>th</sup> July 1429 Charles VII was
finally crowned as king of France<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims_Cathedral"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Rheims cathedral</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">. Jean, along with Alençon and others, was responsible
for carrying the royal insignia, while Joan stood by Charles’ side, dressed in
her armour and carrying her standard.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">With the
Loire region mostly back under royal control, and following the battle of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont%C3%A9pilloy"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Montépilloy</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> in August which ended in a standoff, Joan and the king’s
captains turned their attention on Paris, garrisoned by both the English and
the Burgundians., the French </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1429)"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">assault</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> on 8<sup>th</sup> September was a
failure<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. Some of the common soldiers
were disillusioned with Joan who had promised them success. Further attempts on
the city were forbidden by Charles who had been unnerved by the Maid’s first
failure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Vigiles_du_roi_Charles_VII_10.jpg/800px-Vigiles_du_roi_Charles_VII_10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="519" data-original-width="799" height="258" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Vigiles_du_roi_Charles_VII_10.jpg/800px-Vigiles_du_roi_Charles_VII_10.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Joan at the stake</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">During 1429
Jean was made Chamberlain of the Dauphin-Regent, and the Duke of Orléans’ lieutenant
general. In 1430 </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9rigord"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Périgord</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">, Ferté-Vineuil, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romorantin-Lanthenay"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Romorantin</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> and Gien were added to the list of
his lordships. At some point Jean was also given the lordships of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau-Renault"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Château-Renault</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9teval"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Fréteval</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouteville"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Bouteville</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vouvant"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Vouvant</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">The
successes attributed to the Maid did not suit the king’s favourite Trémoille
who worked to undermine the French people’s inspiration. He cannot have been
displeased when, in May 1430, the Maid was captured by the Burgundians<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>during an abortive attack on </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Compiègne</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">. Following a trial by the English she was executed in
January 1431 without Charles VII raising a finger to help her. Jean and La</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> Hire apparently tried,
unsuccessfully, to rescue Joan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Fighting On</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/France_Eure_et_Loir_Chartres_Bords_de_l_Eure.jpg/800px-France_Eure_et_Loir_Chartres_Bords_de_l_Eure.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="532" data-original-width="800" height="265" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/France_Eure_et_Loir_Chartres_Bords_de_l_Eure.jpg/800px-France_Eure_et_Loir_Chartres_Bords_de_l_Eure.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chartres</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; mso-outline-level: 4;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Jean was in command of
the expedition that captured </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartres"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue;">Chartres</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> in March 1432; Jean took soldiers into the town
hidden in wagons. In August Jean co-commanded the troops that forced the
English Regent, Bedford<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>, to
abandon his four-month siege of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagny-sur-Marne"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue;">Lagny</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">, the English leaving behind their artillery<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. This
was part of a number of attacks on English positions focussing on Rouen, Chartres
and Maine as well as Lagny. The English were now thinking in terms of a peace
treaty, parliament voted to ‘ordain and advise’ Bedford and Gloucester to seek
terms;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt 5.65pt; mso-outline-level: 4;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">‘It is not suitable
or fitting….for a Christian prince to refuse peace offered with suitable
conditions, nor the resulting treaty….and also considering the burden of the
war, and how grievous and heavy it is to this land; and therefore how
beneficial peace would be for it.’<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn6" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">It was to be
some yet before the adversaries could be brought to terms.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">1433 saw the
removal of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_de_la_Tremoille" title="Georges de la Tremoille"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Georges
de la Trémoille</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> as
the king’s favourite; Charles VII did not intervene </span>. <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">He had frequently interfered in the
conduct of the war to cut down potential rivals to his position<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn7" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>, including Richemont. Jean
was made </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Chamberlain_of_France"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Great Chamberlain</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> to the King in Trémoille’s place,
while the king’s brother-in-law, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Count_of_Maine"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Charles of Anjou</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> replaced the former favourite at the
king’s side. Jean was also made a permanent member of the king’s council.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">In 1434 the
capture of Poton de Xaintrailles by the English saw him exchanged for John
Talbot, one of England’s premier commanders. Talbot’s return to the battlefield
resulted in a number of instant English successes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">A Truce Between Sworn Enemies<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Dagobert_Ier_r%C3%A9fugi%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Saint-Denis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="544" data-original-width="600" height="362" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Dagobert_Ier_r%C3%A9fugi%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Saint-Denis.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Paris</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; tab-stops: 132.75pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">The </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Arras#Treaty_of_Arras"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Treaty of Arras</span></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn8" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;">[viii]</span></u></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> in 1435 reconciled Charles VII and
Philip the Good, who thereby jeopardised his relationship with the English for
the dubious advantages of allying with the untrustworthy king of France. The
death of the English Regent Bedford in September 1435 was a further blow to the
English.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">A further problem
came in April 1436 when Paris fell to Jean and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_III,_Duke_of_Brittany"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Arthur de Richemont</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> without a shot being fired. Jean cut
off the communications link between Paris and Normandy. A number of the Burgundian
captains defected to the French who were closing in for the kill. The English
garrisons retired to the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastille"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Bastille</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> but surrendered without making a
stand despite the fortress being well-stocked to withstand a siege. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/SOAOTO_-_Folio_042R.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="456" data-original-width="300" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/SOAOTO_-_Folio_042R.jpg" width="262" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hue de Lannoy</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">In the
autumn of 1436 </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_van_Lannoy"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Hue de Lannoy</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">, one of the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Good"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Duke of Burgundy</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">’s counsellors, wrote to his master about the
prospects for peace in France. He referred to the position of Charles of
Orléans;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘If the king of France were
to place difficulties in the way of a general peace, the bastard of Orléans and
several captains who are close friends of my lord of Orléans….could well
persuade the king to change his mind in favour of [my lord of Orléans], thus
facilitating the peace.’<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn9" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">The fight
between the Burgundian and Armagnac factions ceased to be relevant after this
time as Charles promised to do penance for the murder of John the Fearless.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Revolt<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">In 1439, as
a reward for his loyalty, Jean’s half-brother Charles made him the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Dunois"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Count of Dunois</span></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn10" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;">[x]</span></u></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">. He was also given the lordships of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchenoir"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Marchenoir</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaugency"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Beaugency</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">, and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ry-Saint-Andr%C3%A9"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Cléry</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">In 1439 Dunois married again in the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans_Cathedral"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue;">cathedral</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> in Orléans; his new
bride was Marie d'Harcourt, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Lady
of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenay"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue;">Parthenay</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondigny"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue;">Secondigny</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vouvant"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue;">Vouvant</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">, Mervant, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matafelon-Granges"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue;">Matefalon</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> and Duretal.
Marie was the daughter of Jacques II d'Harcourt, Baron of Montgomery, and
Marguerite de Melun<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn11" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,
countess of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tancarville"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue;">Tancarville</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">The
following year Dunois was persuaded to participate in the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praguerie" title="Praguerie"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Praguerie</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> in 1440 against Charles VII</span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">The main instigators were the Duke of
Bourbon who three years before had attempted a similar rising, and had been
forced to ask pardon of the king and the duke of Alençon. The revolt was
supported by the fifteen year old dauphin </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XI_of_France"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Louis</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> who was already champing at the bit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sceau_de_Jean_V_-_Duc_de_Bretagne.png/589px-Sceau_de_Jean_V_-_Duc_de_Bretagne.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="589" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sceau_de_Jean_V_-_Duc_de_Bretagne.png/589px-Sceau_de_Jean_V_-_Duc_de_Bretagne.png" width="392" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">John, Duke of Brittany</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Hoping to
rid the king of his current favourites and with a desire for more involvement
in decision making<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn12" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>, Bourbon and his bastard
brother, John, were joined by the former favourite la Trémoille, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VI,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="John VI, Duke of Brittany"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">John VI, duke of Brittany</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> who allied himself with the English, Alençon, the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis,_Count_of_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Louis, Count of Vendôme"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">count
of Vendôme</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">, and a
number of mercenary captains. They planned to make the Dauphin Louis Regent for
his father. </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">An attempt to capture the person of the king failed and
prompt action by Charles VII’s men put the insurrection down. Louis was forced
to beg forgiveness from his father. The </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Juv%C3%A9nal_des_Ursins"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue;">Bishop</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Beauvais"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue;">Beauvais</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> wrote
to the king;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">‘What comfort has this been to us, your poor sheep, who are here in the
frontier? This is not the way we want you to awake – pursuing my very redoubted
lord your son and others of your blood who did what they did, it seems, from a
desire to have a voice in your council.’<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn13" name="_ednref13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Dunois’ involvement in the affair was not held against
him; the king needed his captains to prosecute the war against the English….and
the Burgundians <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">English Resurgence<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Conches-en-Ouche_donjon.jpg/800px-Conches-en-Ouche_donjon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="529" data-original-width="800" height="263" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Conches-en-Ouche_donjon.jpg/800px-Conches-en-Ouche_donjon.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chateau de Conches</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">In August 1440 the English decided to besiege </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harfleur"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue;">Harfleur</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">; with the
revolt over Charles VII sent an army under Richemont and La Hire to break the
siege. Despite the best efforts of the French the town surrendered to the
English in October.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The showpiece of 1441 was the siege of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoise"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue;">Pontoise</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">. The English
siege faced an army of around 5,000 with the majority of the senior French
captains present. But Charles had decided to hamstring his commanders, by
giving orders not to give battle unless the numbers were overwhelming; in Paris
the wits proclaimed;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">‘Whenever the French find themselves in a superiority of three to one they
immediately retreat.’<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn14" name="_ednref14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">These
retreats gave the English an unlooked for advantage as the French avoided
combat at all costs. Pontoise finally fell in September a month after the fall
of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Conches-en-Ouche"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Conches</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> which Dunois retook the following
August. 500 soldiers of the garrison were slaughtered and the remainder were
ransomed including their commander John, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Clinton"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Baron Clinton</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">The Hundred
Years War – Alfred Burne, Folio Society 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">The Real
Falstaff – Stephen Cooper, Pen and Sword Military 2010<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Joan of Arc
– Kelly DeVries, the History Press 2011<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">The Reign of
Henry VI – RA Griffiths, Sutton Publishing Ltd 1998<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">The
Fifteenth Century – EF Jacob, Oxford University Press 1997<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Louis XII –
Paul Murray Kendall, Sphere Books Ltd 1974<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Joan of Arc
– Edward Lucie-Smith, Classic Penguin 2000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">John Talbot
and the War in France – AJ Pollard, Pen and Sword Military 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Philip the
Good – Richard Vaughan, Boydell Press 2014<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<a href="http://www.montjoye.net/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">www.montjoye.net</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<a href="http://www.wikipedia.en/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">www.wikipedia.en</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" /><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
<!--[endif]-->
</span><br />
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
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</span><div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Henry VI was crowned <span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">king of France
at </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue;">Notre-Dame</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">, in Paris, on 16 December 1431. All French kings
were crowned at Rheims in the cathedral there</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Paris was not to fall to the French until 1436<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span></div>
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</span><div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
See <a href="http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2017/08/philip-good-v.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2017/08/philip-good-v.html</span></a>
<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span></div>
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</span><div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Grieving after the death of his wife <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Burgundy"><span style="color: blue;">Anne</span></a>, sister of
Philip the Good<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
A relief expedition sent in August was of little use to the English commander<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span></div>
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</span><div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
The Real Falstaff - Cooper<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref7" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Trémoille had ensured that troops for the attack on Paris arrived too late to
be of use and forcing the siege to be aborted, In September 1432 La Trémoille
paid for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_de_Villandrando" title="Rodrigo de Villandrando"><span style="color: blue;">Rodrigo de Villandrando</span></a> and his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routiers" title="Routiers"><span style="color: blue;">routiers</span></a> to
hold <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Ponts-de-C%C3%A9" title="Les Ponts-de-Cé"><span style="color: blue;">Les Ponts-de-Cé</span></a> against the assaults of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_V_de_Bueil" title="Jean V de Bueil"><span style="color: blue;">Jean
de Bueil</span></a>, presumably afraid that de Bueil would receive the king’s favour
if he took the bridge.<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span></div>
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</span><div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref8" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
See <a href="http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2017/08/philip-good-vi.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2017/08/philip-good-vi.html</span></a>
<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref9" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Philip the Good - Vaughan<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span></div>
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</span><div id="edn10" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref10" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
The title by which he is best known<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span></div>
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</span><div id="edn11" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref11" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Daughter of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_IV_de_Melun"><span style="color: blue;">Guillaime
de Melun</span></a> one of Charles VI’s advisers<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><div id="edn12" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref12" name="_edn12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Not to mention issues of grants of money to the king making him independent of
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">parlement</i><o:p></o:p></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><div id="edn13" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref13" name="_edn13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Louis XI - Kendall<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span></div>
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</span><div id="edn14" style="mso-element: endnote;">
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</span><div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref14" name="_edn14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
The Hundred Years War - Burne<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span>Helen Lashbrookhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14806155400041511316noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2785735485564651497.post-72397411850768033322017-10-09T01:25:00.001-07:002017-10-10T00:47:30.048-07:00The Bastard of Orléans II
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Xaintrailles_and_La_Hire2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="299" data-original-width="468" height="255" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Xaintrailles_and_La_Hire2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Xaintrailles and La Hire</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Fighting the English</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In 1421 Jean
was made a knight and took as his arms the arms of the house of Orléans with
the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bend_(heraldry)#bend_sinister"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">bend sinister</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. On 24<sup>th</sup> November Jean was
given the Lordship of Vaubonais-Dauphine by Charles de </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Ponthieu"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Ponthieu</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. The following year J</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">ean married his first wife, Marie Louvet. Marie was the daughter of Jean
Louvet</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">,
Lord of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eygali%C3%A8res"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Eygallières</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, chairman of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">parlement </i>of
</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Provence</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><u> and one of the king’s ministers</u></span></span>. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">In 1421 Jean
was created</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Viscount of Saint-Sauveur</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">, baron of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenay"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Parthenay</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and Lord of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valbonnais"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Valbonnais</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. The following year Fallavier</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> was added to his domains
and then Longueville</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.
Jean was forced into exile for a year when his father-in-law and his family
were banished by the king.<span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Chateau_Beaugency_ballon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="240" data-original-width="320" height="300" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Chateau_Beaugency_ballon.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chateau de Beaugency</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Jean
took up with </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Hire"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">La Hire</span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Poton_de_Xaintrailles"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Poton de Xaintrailles</span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> in confronting the
English when the opportunities arose. La Hire was known for both his swearing
and praying and his relationship with his god was very personal;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘Lord God, I
pray you to do for La Hire what La Hire would do for you if God was a captain
and La Hire was God.’<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">This
small force managed to make the English occupation uncomfortable, even
re-capturing </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Mans"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Le Mans</span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> for a short time. Jean fought
for his master when the Dauphin won the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Baug%C3%A9"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">battle</span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> at </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baug%C3%A9"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Baugé</span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> on 22<sup>nd</sup> March 1421 and when he was defeated at </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cravant,_Yonne"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Cravant</span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> in 1423. Jean was also involved in the defence
of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blois"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Blois</span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. In 1422 Jean purchased (or was given) the </span></span><a href="http://www.montjoye.net/beaugency-tour-cesar"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">château de Beaugency</span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">The Fight Goes On</span><span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Battle_of_Meaux.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="246" data-original-width="278" height="353" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Battle_of_Meaux.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Battle of Meaux</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">On
31<sup>st</sup> August 1422 Henry V died from dysentery contracted at the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Meaux"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">siege of Meaux</span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. His brother </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Lancaster,_1st_Duke_of_Bedford"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Bedford</span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> was to be regent for
Henry’s baby son </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Henry VI</span></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn6" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;">[vi]</span></u></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></u></span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Less than two months
later, on 21<sup>st</sup> October 1422, Charles VI died and the English
immediately proclaimed Henry VI king of France as agreed at </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyes"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Troyes</span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. The Dauphin seemed unable to act on his own initiative and
his favourite </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_de_la_Tr%C3%A9moille"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Georges de la Trêmoille</span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Reims"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Archbishop of Rheims</span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, Renauld de Chartres,
were unable to press him into action.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">The
next few years saw Jean on the road, fighting against the English. As a reward
for his efforts in March </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">1424
Charles VII made Jean Count of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortain"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Mortain</span></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn7" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><u>; five months later Jean </u></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">was present at the French
defeat at </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Verneuil"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Verneuil</span></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn8" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> on 17<sup>th</sup>
August 1424. I</span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><u>n
December 1424 </u></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">the
County of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gien"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Gien</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> was also made over to him. In 1425
Jean was one of those who helped defend </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Saint-Michel"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Mont St. Michel</span></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn9" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. The following year Jean
was appointed Captain of Mont-St-Michel. Jean’s wife Marie died in 1426.<span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Montargis%2C_France.jpg/800px-Montargis%2C_France.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" height="266" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Montargis%2C_France.jpg/800px-Montargis%2C_France.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Montargis</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">On 5<sup>th</sup>
September 1427, in tandem with La Hire and a force of sixteen hundred men, Jean
was to successfully come to the aid of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montargis"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Montargis</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><u><span style="color: blue;"> </span></u></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">under siege from the English led by
the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Beauchamp,_13th_Earl_of_Warwick"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Earl of Warwick</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_la_Pole,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolk"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Earl of Suffolk</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. La Hire and Jean fell on the
English forces and captured Suffolk’s brother</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn10" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and most of the English
cannon; a success Charles VII called;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR;">‘Le commencement et cause de nostre Bonheur<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn11" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.’<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn12" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Jean’s fame for his prowess
and his inspiring and unconventional attack on the besieging forces started at Montargis
after which he was made a Lieutenant General. In 1428 the county of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaumont-Porcien"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Porcien</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> was added.to Jean’s
domains.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></o:p></span><br />
<br />
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"><span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Siege of Orléans</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Battle_of_Herrings.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="563" height="340" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Battle_of_Herrings.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Battle of Rouvray</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In the summer of 1428 Jean was placed in charge of the
defence of his half-brother’s capital of Orléans, now under siege from the
English</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn13" name="_ednref13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">. <span style="color: black;">The units commanded by Jean and his fellow captains were
often very small. In October 1428 treasury documents show Jean being paid;<o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 5.65pt; mso-outline-level: 4;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">‘To
Monseigneur the Bastard of Orléans, 12 men-at-arms and 2 archers etc, one
hundred and four livres tournois<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn14" name="_ednref14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[xiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.’<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn15" name="_ednref15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[xv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 4;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Jean seemed rather
lacklustre in defence, but led an attack on the English in December 1428 and
another sortie in January. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Jean
was wounded, barely escaping with his life according to the siege journal, at
the French defeat at the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Herrings"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Battle of Rouvray</span></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn16" name="_ednref16" style="mso-endnote-id: edn16;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> in February 1429. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The
siege was well under way when the appearance of the woman who was to become
known as </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Joan of Arc</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
made her appearance at court, being held at </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinon"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Chinon</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. With her claims of heavenly intercession Joan was to
inspire Charles VII to defend his inheritance. Jean declared that he heard;<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Contemporaine_afb_jeanne_d_arc.png/399px-Contemporaine_afb_jeanne_d_arc.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="399" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Contemporaine_afb_jeanne_d_arc.png/399px-Contemporaine_afb_jeanne_d_arc.png" width="265" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Joan of Arc</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 4;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘Rumours from the town of
Gien….that a certain young woman, commonly called the Maid, asserted that she
was going to the noble dauphin to raise the siege of Orléans and to lead the
dauphin to </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Rheims</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">.’<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn17" name="_ednref17" style="mso-endnote-id: edn17;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Joan was
able to persuade Charles to allow her to accompany the army that was to lift
the siege. Once there Joan was able to inspire the defence, although she was
displeased that upon her arrival she was taken into the town rather than
directed towards the fighting. Joan took issue with Jean because he was not
prepared to take up arms. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">On 1<sup>st</sup>
May Jean departed Orléans for Blois to confer with </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I,_Duke_of_Bourbon" title="Charles I, Duke of Bourbon"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Charles I, Duke of Bourbon</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, and to collect troops to add to the town’s defences,
intending to return by 4<sup>th</sup> May. Joan spent the time reconnoitring
and endearing herself to the townspeople. Seven days later the fighting</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn18" name="_ednref18" style="mso-endnote-id: edn18;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xviii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> was over and the
English were retreating; Joan’s determination had won the day. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Carry On Winning<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Battle_of_Jargeau_Martial_d'Auvergne_(1508).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="559" data-original-width="800" height="278" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Battle_of_Jargeau_Martial_d'Auvergne_(1508).jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Battle of Jargeau</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Joan, Jean
and the other French leaders joined the dauphin at the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Loches"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">chateau</span></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn19" name="_ednref19" style="mso-endnote-id: edn19;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loches"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Loches</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. They hoped to persuade Charles to allow them more troops to harry the
English along the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loire_Valley"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Loire valley</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Charles agreed to send Jean, the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Alen%C3%A7on" title="John II of Alençon"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">duke
of Alençon</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and other
of his captains with Joan to recover </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meung-sur-Loire"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Meung</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaugency"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Beaugency</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jargeau"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Jargeau</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">On 11<sup>th</sup>
June Joan </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jargeau"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">attacked</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> the English at Jargeau; five days
later at the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Meung-sur-Loire"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">battle of Meung</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Joan, along with Jean, Poton de
Xaintrailles, Alençon and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_de_Rais"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Gilles de Rais</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, fought the English over control of the strategically placed
bridge over the Loire at Meung. They took the bridge;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘By frontal assault, hardly
causing a moment’s pause.’<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn20" name="_ednref20" style="mso-endnote-id: edn20;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xx]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Patay.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="342" data-original-width="333" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Patay.JPG" width="388" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Battle of Patay</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Their
victory was to impede English supply and communication lines throughout the
region. On the 16-7<sup>th</sup> the French once again fought the English at
the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Beaugency_(1429)"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">battle of Beaugency</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Burgundian chronicler </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Wavrin"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Jean de Waurin</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> wrote;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘The French were alerted of
their [the English] approach, with around 6,000 soldiers, of which the leaders
were Joan the Maid, the duke of Alençon, the Bastard of Orléans, the Marshall
of La Fayette, La Hire, Ponton and other captains. They ordered their soldiers
into battle formation on top of a small hill.’<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn21" name="_ednref21" style="mso-endnote-id: edn21;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xxi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">On the
following day Joan’s army fought again at the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Patay"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">battle of Patay</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, another victory for the French when the English fled the
field for the safety of Paris. The army returned to Orléans the following day
and finally met with the court at Gien on 24<sup>th</sup> June where Joan was
able to persuade the dauphin to go to </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Rheims</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Real Bluebeard – Jean Benedetti,
Sutton Publishing 2003<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Hundred
Years War – Alfred Burne, Folio Society 2005<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Real
Falstaff – Stephen Cooper, Pen and Sword Military 2010<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Joan of Arc
– Kelly DeVries, the History Press 2011<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Reign of
Henry VI – RA Griffiths, Sutton Publishing Ltd 1998<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The
Fifteenth Century – EF Jacob, Oxford University Press 1997<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Louis XII –
Paul Murray Kendall, Sphere Books Ltd 1974<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Joan of Arc
– Edward Lucie-Smith, Classic Penguin 2000<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">John Talbot
and the War in France – AJ Pollard, Pen and Sword Military 2005<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip the
Good – Richard Vaughan, Boydell Press 2014<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<a href="http://www.montjoye.net/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">www.montjoye.net</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<a href="http://www.wikipedia.en/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">www.wikipedia.en</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--><br />
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
One of Charles VII’s favourites and an instigator of the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_John_the_Fearless"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">murder</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
of John the Fearless in 1419<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
There are a number of villages named Saint-Sauveur in France and it is not
possible to identify which one is referred to, although it may be the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Sauveur,_Is%C3%A8re"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">village</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%A8re"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Isère</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, not far from
Valbonnais<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Possibly </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Quentin-Fallavier"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">St-Quentin
Fallavier</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> in Isère<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Again it is not possible to identify which particular Longueville is referred
to<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Orléans 1429 - Nicolle<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Who inherited his grandfather’s insanity<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref7" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Held for one year only after which it transferred back to the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_lands_of_France"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">royal domain</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref8" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Where the French army was bolstered by the addition of 4,000 Scottish soldiers<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref9" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Which was never taken by the English during
the war</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref10" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Probably John de la Pole who died in 1429 while still a prisoner of the French<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref11" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
‘The beginning and the cause of our happiness’<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn12" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref12" name="_edn12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The Hundred Years War - Burne<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn13" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref13" name="_edn13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The enemy commanders were Suffolk, Salisbury and Talbot<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn14" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref14" name="_edn14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">In 2015
the relative: </span></strong><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">historic standard of living</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £64,310.00 </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of that income or wealth is £637,100.00 </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic status</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £1,987,000.00 </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic power</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £35,250,000.00 </span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #333300;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn15" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref15" name="_edn15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Orléans 1429 - Nicolle<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn16" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref16" name="_edn16" style="mso-endnote-id: edn16;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Also known as the Battle of the Herrings; see </span><a href="http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2014/12/shakespeares-buffoon-iii.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2014/12/shakespeares-buffoon-iii.html</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn17" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref17" name="_edn17" style="mso-endnote-id: edn17;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xvii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Joan of Arc - DeVries<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn18" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref18" name="_edn18" style="mso-endnote-id: edn18;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xviii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
For further details see </span><a href="http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/bluebeard-iii.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/bluebeard-iii.html</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn19" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref19" name="_edn19" style="mso-endnote-id: edn19;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
One of the dauphin’s favourite residences<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref20" name="_edn20" style="mso-endnote-id: edn20;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xx]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The Real Bluebeard - Benedetti<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div id="edn21" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref21" name="_edn21" style="mso-endnote-id: edn21;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xxi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Joan of Arc - DeVries<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Helen Lashbrookhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14806155400041511316noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2785735485564651497.post-72926179969734408742017-10-02T02:13:00.001-07:002017-10-03T00:05:37.979-07:00The Bastard of Orléans<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/LouisOrlean_ChristinaPisan.jpg/572px-LouisOrlean_ChristinaPisan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="572" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/LouisOrlean_ChristinaPisan.jpg/572px-LouisOrlean_ChristinaPisan.jpg" width="381" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Louis d'Orleans (C)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">The Making of a Hero<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="notices" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">On 23<sup>rd</sup>
November 1402 </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Dunois"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Jean</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">, the future French
hero of the</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;"> Hundred Years War</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">, was born at the chateau
at </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaut%C3%A9-sur-Marne"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Beauté-sur-Marne</span></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> He was the illegitimate son of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Louis</span></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;">[ii]</span></u></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></u></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> Duke of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Orléans</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> and his mistress </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariette_d%27Enghien"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Mariette d’Enghein</span></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">. Jean was adopted by
the duke’s wife, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentina_Visconti,_Duchess_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Valentina Visconti</span></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;">[iv]</span></u></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></u></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">, daughter of the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Visconti"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Duke of Milan</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">. </span></div>
<div class="notices" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Jean’s
half-brother </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Charles</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, eight years Jean’s senior, was the
heir to the Orléans dukedom. His other half-brothers were </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip,_Count_of_Vertus"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Philippe, Count of Vertus</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> born in 1396 and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_Count_of_Angoul%C3%AAme"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">John, Count of Angoulême</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, born in 1399 his half-sister </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret,_Countess_of_Vertus"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Margaret</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> was born in 1406. Other children
born to the duke and duchess did not survive childhood. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Valentina
was a cultured lady with some renown as a poetess, her son Charles was to
inherit her talent for poesy. It may be assumed that Jean received the
education fit for the grandson of a king; his flowery and florid signature
betrayed his noble upbringing. His governess was Jeanne de Mesnil.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Louis had been vying with his cousin </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Fearless"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">John the Fearless</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Duke of Burgundy</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><u>, </u></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">for control lands in the northwest of France. In 1402 Louis, funded by
the French treasury, purchased </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Luxembourg</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> along with other lands in the region the Duke of Burgundy
thought his own. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Louis was also in conflict with his cousin for control of his
brother </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Charles VI,</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> King of France, whose descent into
madness was first made apparent in the summer of 1392 when he attacked his
companions, including his brother Louis, in the Fôret de Le Mans, killing one
of his knights and injuring others. Charles’ psychotic periods lasted for
months at a time.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Vigiles_du_roi_Charles_VII_61.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="379" data-original-width="501" height="302" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Vigiles_du_roi_Charles_VII_61.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Funeral of Louis d'Orleans</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Charles’ wife </span></span><a href="http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMINBig.ASP?size=big&IllID=5518"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Isabeau</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> was placed at the head of the
Regency council that was the stage for the rivalry between Louis d’Orléans and
John the Fearless. On the day of Jean’s fifth birthday in 1407 Louis d’Orléans
was </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Louis_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">murdered</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> by order of. John the Fearless</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘[Louis
d’Orléans] accompanied, modestly enough for someone of his rank, by three
mounted men and two on foot, with one or two torches…was struck down and killed
by eight or nine men who had been hidden in a [neighbouring] house….they
cleaved his skull in two with a halberd.’<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn6" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">John the Fearless promptly took control of the kingdom. Louis’
three sons were at </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau-Thierry"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Château-Thierry</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> when they learned of their father’s
death. Allegedly when the three boys were asked by Valentina which of the three
of them would avenge the crime it was Jean who offered to do so At some point
before his death Louis made Jean a knight of the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Porcupine"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Order of the Porcupine</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, set up by Louis in 1394.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Civil War<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Charles_of_Orleans_%26_Bonne_of_Armagnac_Marriage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="399" data-original-width="351" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Charles_of_Orleans_%26_Bonne_of_Armagnac_Marriage.jpg" width="351" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Marriage of Charles d'Orleans and Bonne d'Armagnac</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Valentina,
Duchess of Orléans outlived her husband by just a year, dying in December 1408.
In August 1410 Charles of Orléans married his second wife </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonne_of_Armagnac"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Bonne</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, daughter of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_VII,_Count_of_Armagnac"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Bernard of Armagnac</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constable_of_France"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Constable of France</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. At the wedding festivities in </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gien"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Gien</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Charles’ father-in-law took control of what became known as the Armagnac
faction during the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagnac%E2%80%93Burgundian_Civil_War"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Burgundian-Armagnac</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> civil war that arose out of Louis of
Orléans’ assassination. Both sides started bidding for assistance from </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Henry IV</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of England.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Bernard
recruited bands of armed men who became known as </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagnac%E2%80%93Burgundian_Civil_War"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">écorcheurs</span></span></i></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">,
Bernard ravaged the countryside around Paris and even entered the suburbs. A
treaty between the two sides was signed in November 1410 suspended hostilities.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In the
summer of 1411 the three legitimate sons of Louis d’Orléans issued a manifesto
listing the crimes of the Duke of Burgundy and demanding justice for their
father. Addressed to John directly the three brothers proclaimed; <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘We cause you to know that
from this time on we shall harm you with all our power and in all the ways we
can, and we appeal to God and all the prudhommes<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn7" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
in the world, to come to our aid against you and your disloyal treason.’’<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn8" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">John the
Fearless sent a mocking reply and emphasised the powerlessness of the Orléans faction
when he entered </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_in_the_Middle_Ages"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Paris</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> in October 1411 with an army and
defeated the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">écorcheurs</i> ensconced
there. The Orléans brothers fled to </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourges"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Bourges</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, followed by John and his men who laid siege to the town.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">John was now
in the driving seat and controlled the French court. In 1412 John the Fearless
made it clear that he was no longer interested in an alliance with the English
by declaring that the king had made him responsible for clearing the English
out of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquitaine"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Aquitaine</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. The Armagnac counter offer was to
help the English retain the county. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Vigiles_du_roi_Charles_VII_56.jpg/800px-Vigiles_du_roi_Charles_VII_56.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="800" height="270" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Vigiles_du_roi_Charles_VII_56.jpg/800px-Vigiles_du_roi_Charles_VII_56.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cabochien revolt</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Charles of
Orléans and his brother John of Angoulême promised to pay homage to Henry for
some of their lands. and handed over the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyenne"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">County of Guyenne</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> and recognised Henry V’s </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">suzerainty over</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Poitou</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">,
Angoulême and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9rigord" title="Périgord"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Périgord</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> in return for their support. In return Henry IV was to
provide protection against John the Fearless and provide 1,000 lances and 3,000
archers. John of Angoulême was taken hostage by the English that same year.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The
following year John the Fearless supported the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabochien_Revolt"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Cabochien Revolt</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> wherein John’s supporters killed many Armagnacs and
innocent bystanders. By the end of the summer of August 1413 Paris was back
under control of the dauphin. John the Fearless, having been outmanoeuvred by
the dauphin</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn9" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">, had fled to back to </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Flanders</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> with the Cabochiens’ leader</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn10" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Catastrophe<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Harfleur2.jpg/450px-Harfleur2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="450" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Harfleur2.jpg/450px-Harfleur2.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Harfleur</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">On 20<sup>th</sup>
March 1414 Henry IV died and his heir was the bellicose </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V_of_England"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Henry V</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> who immediately declared his intentions of renewing the
Hundred Years War which had been in abeyance since 1389</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn11" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Henry wanted to take
advantage of the strife riving his traditional enemies and collected an army to
invade. In August 1415 laid </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Harfleur"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">siege</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> to </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harfleur"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Harfleur</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. The capture of the town took longer
than Henry anticipated and it was mid-autumn before his troops were back on the
march. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">His troops
met with the French army at </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azincourt"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Azincourt</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><u>; during </u></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">battle</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Charles was taken prisoner</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn12" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Following his victory
Henry was able to dictate terms to the French and the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Troyes"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Treaty of Troyes</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, signed in May 1420, was the result of his victories
over the demoralised French army. Isabeau signed away her son’s right to the
French throne and gave one of her daughters to the invading king.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Jean fought
with the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagnacs" title="Armagnacs"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Armagnacs</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, during the civil war that ensued
after the death of Louis d’Orléans and he was captured by the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Burgundians</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> in 1418 and held prisoner at the old
</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Chateau
de St-Germain en Laye</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">. At the end of May 1418 Paris was delivered back into
the hands of John the Fearless and his captain </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Villiers_de_L%27Isle-Adam"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Jean de Villiers de l’Isle Adam</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘Knights, servants and
officers of the duke of Burgundy, accompanied by some 200 men-at-arms, entered
the city of Paris through the Porte </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s#The_Middle_Ages"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">St-Germain-de-Prés</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">,
which had been secretly opened for the Lord of l’Isle Adam by a group of nine
or ten common people.’<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn13" name="_ednref13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Bernard of
Armagnac and 2,500 of his supporters were massacred when the Burgundian faction
took back Paris, leaving the Armagnacs leaderless. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/John_the_Fearless_assassination.jpg/439px-John_the_Fearless_assassination.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="439" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/John_the_Fearless_assassination.jpg/439px-John_the_Fearless_assassination.jpg" width="292" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Assassination of John the Fearless</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">John was
once again master of Paris and he too took to negotiating with the English and
agreeing to their claims to the kingdom. At the same time he began negotiations
with the Dauphin which is how he ended up at the bridge at </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montereau-Fault-Yonne"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Montereau</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> the following year. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_John_the_Fearless"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">assassination of John the Fearless</span></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_edn14" name="_ednref14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;">[xiv]</span></u></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> on 10<sup>th</sup> September 1419 in
the presence of the Dauphin only served to heighten the rivalry between the
Burgundians and that Armagnac faction. It decreased the ability of the French
state to oppose the English who continued to steamroller through France. John’s
son </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Good"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Philip</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> now allied with the English,
something John had hesitated to commit himself to.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Jean was released
from Burgundian captivity in 1420 following the intercession of his
half-brother Philippe. Jean entered the service of the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Dauphin</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Charles</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. The sudden death of Philippe in
September 1420 left Jean the only male representative of the house of Orléans
at liberty and he was henceforth to manage Charles’ inheritance on his behalf. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Hundred
Years War – Alfred Burne, Folio Society 2005<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Real
Falstaff – Stephen Cooper, Pen and Sword Military 2010<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Reign of
Henry VI – RA Griffiths, Sutton Publishing Ltd 1998<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Europe:
Hierarchy and Revolt 1320-1450 – George Holmes, Fontana 1984<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The
Fifteenth Century – EF Jacob, Oxford University Press 1997<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">John the
Fearless – Richard Vaughan, Longmans 1996<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip the
Good – Richard Vaughan, Boydell Press 2014<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<a href="http://www.montjoye.net/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">www.montjoye.net</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<a href="http://www.wikipedia.en/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">www.wikipedia.en</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
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<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Throughout his adult life Jean was known as the Bastard of Orléans or by his
title of Count of Dunois.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Son of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V_of_France"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Charles V</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
of France, Louis’ amours were legendary and he was even believed to have made
Queen Isabeau his mistress<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Wife of the lord of Cany who was Chamberlain to King Charles VI of France.
Louis had apparently wanted to marry Mariette but his father had forbidden the
union on political grounds.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
A granddaughter of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_France"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">King
Jean II of France</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
The situation was acerbated by Louis’ attempt to seduce and then take by force
John’s wife </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Bavaria"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Margaret</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
John the Fearless - Vaughan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref7" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Those holding to knightly ideals of chivalry<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref8" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
John the Fearless - Vaughan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref9" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
The king temporarily regained his sanity during the summer and he was all in
favour of peace, supporting his son in his efforts<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref10" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Caboche"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Simon Le Coustellier</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
known as Simon Caboche<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref11" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Despite provocations on both sides. Henry IV had felt constrained by a lack of
money to prosecute a war; his son refused to take this into consideration<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn12" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref12" name="_edn12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
See </span><a href="http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/charles-duke-of-orleans.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/charles-duke-of-orleans.html</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn13" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref13" name="_edn13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
John the Fearless - Vaughan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn14" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2785735485564651497#_ednref14" name="_edn14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
See </span><a href="http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2017/07/philip-good-ii.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2017/07/philip-good-ii.html</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Helen Lashbrookhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14806155400041511316noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2785735485564651497.post-36110963447986408882017-09-26T00:19:00.001-07:002017-09-26T00:19:37.616-07:00Philip the Good X
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Philip_the_good.jpg/420px-Philip_the_good.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="420" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Philip_the_good.jpg/420px-Philip_the_good.jpg" width="280" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Philip the Good</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Philip the Duke<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip was
unimaginably rich; he was probably richest man of his times not to wear a
crown. Not only did he have, among other residences, his palace in Brussels,
the Prinsenhof in Bruges, the ducal palace in Dijon, the castle at </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesdin"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Hesdin</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> in </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artois"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Artois</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, a residence in Lille, but the family’s
Hôtel d’Artois was kept ready for his infrequent visits to Paris.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip’s
court in Brussels was the repository for much of Philip’s wealth held as
jewellery and plate. According to one visitor, </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zden%C4%9Bk_Lev_of_Ro%C5%BEmit%C3%A1l"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Leo of Rozmital</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, the contents of Philip’s treasure
chests would take three days to inspect. The principal items were worth 110,000
crowns</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20X.docx" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">. The list included <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘A clasp with King Richard’s
device of a stag, ornamented with twenty-two large pearls, two square balais<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20X.docx" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,
two saphires on one side and a ruby, with a large square diamond the size of a
hazel-nut.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20X.docx" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/DufayBinchois.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="373" data-original-width="418" height="356" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/DufayBinchois.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gille Binchois (R)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The
treasures were both for general use; Philip daily used a gold goblet with a
lid, and for pawning when Philip needed to fund an army. In May 1456 many of
the treasures were put on public display in Holland when rumours abounded that
Philip could not afford to pay an army to conquer </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Utrecht</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip was a
patron of the artists Jan van Eyck, who was his <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">valet de chambre,</i> and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Rogier van der Weyden</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, but preferred tapestries of which
he had an inordinate number. One such tapestry still survives in part; ‘the
History of Gideon and the Golden Fleece’</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20X.docx" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> by Jehan le Haze. The
composer </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Binchois"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Gille Binchois</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> was Philip’s chaplain and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morton_(composer)"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Robert Morton</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Du_Fay"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Guillaime Dufay</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> were also in Philip’s employ. The poet </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1390s_in_poetry"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Michault Taillevent</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> was his <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">joueur
des farces</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Philip the Man<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip was
not a morning person and often slept in late. He had a papal dispensation to
hear mass in the afternoon not the morning. Parisian chronicler Jehan Maupoint
commented;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘It is noteworthy that the
duke heard mass every day between two and three o’clock in the afternoon. This
was invariably his habit, for he stayed up at night almost till dawn, turning
night into day to watch dances, entertainments and other amusements all night
long….it was said that he had a dispensation to do this.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20X.docx" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cathedrale_Boulogne_Enlart.png/527px-Cathedrale_Boulogne_Enlart.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="527" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cathedrale_Boulogne_Enlart.png/527px-Cathedrale_Boulogne_Enlart.png" width="351" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Notre Dame de Boulogne</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip gave
alms to the poor and made pilgrimages much like any other rich noble, visiting
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Notre-Dame_de_Boulogne"><span style="color: blue;">Notre
Dame de Boulogne</span></a></span> at least 12 times. Like others of his station Philip had
a mobile chapel designed to be carried on a wagon when he took to the field.
Despite the munificence of his table Philip was a moderate eater. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The main
activity of the Burgundian court was falconry and hunting. By 1463 Philip
employed a master-falconer, three falconers and three assistants. Only the
master was fully employed and the others took turns at serving at court; the
falcons were based in Philip’s northern territories. The ducal hunt was based
in Burgundy and in 1427 the master-huntsman had a budget of £2,000</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20X.docx" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip owned
one of the greatest libraries of illustrated books of the time containing over
1,000 books</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20X.docx" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">. He enjoyed reading
romantic literature and farces. He was not a great talker but when he spoke it
was to the point; his surviving letters show that he had a sense of humour that
he showed to his close relatives. Philip was always polite to women, claiming
that they ruled over 39 households out of 40. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Quarrels<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Rogier_van_der_Weyden_(workshop_of)_-_Portrait_of_Isabella_of_Portugal.jpg/475px-Rogier_van_der_Weyden_(workshop_of)_-_Portrait_of_Isabella_of_Portugal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="475" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Rogier_van_der_Weyden_(workshop_of)_-_Portrait_of_Isabella_of_Portugal.jpg/475px-Rogier_van_der_Weyden_(workshop_of)_-_Portrait_of_Isabella_of_Portugal.jpg" width="316" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Isabella of Burgundy</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">For most of
his life Philip enjoyed good health but in June 1458 Philip fell ill with a
fever after playing tennis, losing consciousness for 36 hours. Early in 1462 he
again fell ill and his son and heir and his wife were summonsed to his sickbed.
They begged him to take sustenance. The flurry of doctors who attended the duke
insisted on bloodletting and demanding that Philip have his head shaved to
speed on his recovery. He refused to do so until all his courtiers had shaved
their heads. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip’s
life was saved by the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_I_Sforza"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Duke of Milan</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">’s doctor, Luca Alessandro who was accompanying a Milanese
embassy. Philip began to recover from his illness during the spring, although
he was still quarrelling with his son about the de Croy family. Philip’s bouts
of illness were becoming worryingly frequent and he required the attendance of
his wife when he was ill. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">On 22<sup>nd</sup>
July 1462 Philip appointed his son as his representative in Holland. Charles
went to visit the state his father had made him responsible for during August
and September. He did not stay long as he was concerned that Philip would
depart on crusade leaving his lands in the care of someone other than himself,
or that he might be disinherited. In 1463 Charles negotiated with the Dutch for
his recognition as Philip’s heir in the Netherlands, exacerbating the quarrel
between himself and his father.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In an
attempt to create harmony between Burgundy and France Philip agreed to sell back
the French towns in the Somme that Charles VII had given him in 1435. In 1461
Charles VII’s death meant that Louis was now king of France and Philip had high
hopes of his nephew. Louis agreed to pay Philip 400,000 livres</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20X.docx" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> for the return of the
lands, a further cause of discontent between Philip and Charles who strongly
disagreed with the agreement. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In February
1464 Louis asked Philip to postpone his crusade; if the negotiations with the
English to end the war failed Philip would be needed to fight shoulder to
shoulder with France. Louis wrote to Philip urging that;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘It would scarcely be
honourable for him to help…..others to recover their kingdoms from the Turks
while leaving the kingdom of France open to an attack from the English who have
done more harm here than the Turks in the lands they have conquered.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20X.docx" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip had
always taken Charles VII and Louis as men of good faith. He failed to
understand that their aim was to reinsert the Burgundian lands back into the
kingdom of France, with Philip as a vassal rather than an independent prince. Charles
did not make that mistake. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Death of a Duke<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Charles_the_Bold_1460.jpg/398px-Charles_the_Bold_1460.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="398" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Charles_the_Bold_1460.jpg/398px-Charles_the_Bold_1460.jpg" width="265" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Charles the Bold</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Charles and
Philip were reconciled in Lille in June 1464 but it was not until the September
that Charles finally gained ascendancy in the Burgundian court when a relative
of the de Croy family</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20X.docx" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> was arrested for seeking
to kill Charles in </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorinchem"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Gorinchem</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. On October 7<sup>th</sup> Philip
left Hesdin, where he had spent most of the year, just before Louis was due to
arrive. It took Charles a further six months to bring about the downfall of the
de Croy family. From then on the policy of Burgundy was increasingly hostile to
France.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Charles was
in the policy driving seat from this point on, but Philip still ruled his domains.
He retained the use of his faculties until shortly before his death in Bruges on
15<sup>th</sup> June 1467. </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘At two o’clock after
midnight a quantity of phlegm gathered in his throat and he was so troubled by
this that it seemed he would die then….he was in great difficulty and soon
afterwards developed a high temperature which continued from 6.0 am on Saturday
until Monday when he gave his soul to God.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20X.docx" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip was
much mourned by many of his subjects but they were blinded to his many faults.
Philip failed to create an effective state machinery to administer his
territories and was content to be advised by men who did not have the best
interests of Burgundy at heart. Philip allowed himself to be bullied by the
French monarchs and allowed the de Croy family to create a state within the
state. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Europe –
Norman Davies, Oxford University Press 1996<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The
Fifteenth Century – EF Jacob, Oxford University Press 1997<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Louis XI –
Paul Murray Kendall, Sphere Books Ltd 1974<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Isabel of
Burgundy – Aline S Taylor, Madison Books 2001<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip the
Good – Richard Vaughan, Boydell Press 2014<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Charles the
Bold – Richard Vaughan, Boydell Press 2002<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<a href="http://www.wikipedia.en/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">www.wikipedia.en</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--><br />
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20X.docx" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In 2015 the relative:</span></strong><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></strong><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">historic standard of
living</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or
wealth is £76,070,000.00 </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of
that income or wealth is £578,100,000.00 </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic status</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £2,628,000,000.00 </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic power</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £47,370,000,000.00 </span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></a><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20X.docx" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A delicate
rose red spinel ruby from the district of </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balas"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Balas</span></span></a><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> in </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Iran</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20X.docx" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Philip the Good - Vaughan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20X.docx" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Now in the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern_Historical_Museum"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Historical
Museum</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Bern</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20X.docx" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Philip the Good - Vaughan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20X.docx" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
In </span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2015 the relative:</span></strong><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></strong><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">historic standard of
living</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or
wealth is £1,521,000.00 </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of
that income or wealth is £12,250,000.00. </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic status</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £43,330,000.00 </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic power</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £767,200,000.00 </span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #333300;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20X.docx" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
About one quarter still survive in the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Library_of_Belgium"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Royal Library of
Belgium</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20X.docx" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In 2015 the relative:</span></strong><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></strong><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">historic standard of
living</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or
wealth is £312,500,000.00 </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of
that income or wealth is £2,498,000,000.00 </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic status</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £10,120,000,000.00 </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic power</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £183,500,000,000.00 </span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></a><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20X.docx" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Isabel of Burgundy - Taylor<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20X.docx" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Sent by Louis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20X.docx" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Philip the Good - Vaughan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Helen Lashbrookhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14806155400041511316noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2785735485564651497.post-74323002273937811992017-09-18T01:40:00.001-07:002017-09-18T23:35:52.639-07:00Philip the Good IX<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Oudenaarde%2C_Belgium_%3B_Deventer_map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="564" data-original-width="710" height="317" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Oudenaarde%2C_Belgium_%3B_Deventer_map.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Oudenaarde</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Violence in Ghent<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip resolved
on military intervention in Ghent; he was no longer prepared to allow the
townspeople to run his town as they felt fit. He declared war in a letter dated
31<sup>st</sup> March 1452 and upon receiving it the captains of Ghent
organised a procession through the town. At the same time they sent an embassy
to Philip composed in the main of churchmen. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">On 7<sup>th</sup>
April Ghent occupied Philip’s castle of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavere"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Gavere</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and a week later the civic militia, led by one of the three captains,
Lievin Boone, attacked and </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Oudenaarde"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">besieged</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Oudenaarde</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20IX.docx" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_de_Lalaing"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Simon de Lalaing</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, one of Philip’s captains, led the defence. Messages
were shot into the town for the edification of the townspeople trying to divide
them from Philip’s men. The messages;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘Requested and urged the
said Sir Simon to surrender and deliver up the town on the day he had fixed
with them and stated that the money they had promised him was all ready.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20IX.docx" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip sent
two armies to the relief of Oudenaarde, one of them led by his cousin Jehan de
Bourgoyne, By May Philip’s armies were attacking Ghent and on 16<sup>th</sup>
June the Ghent army was tempted away from their fortified lines at the battle
of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bazel"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Bazel</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> where the favourite of Philip’s
bastard sons, Corneille, was killed</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20IX.docx" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">. His was the only death
from the duke’s forces while 1,500 Ghenters died. Philip and his heir Charles
were both present at the battle.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">By early
July much of the countryside east of Ghent had been overrun by Philip’s
soldiers. Philip was joined by his nephew John of Cleves as Philip prepared to
invest Ghent itself. He had taken good care to retain the support of other
Flemish towns who supported their liege lord in diverse ways</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20IX.docx" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/15th-century_painters_-_Surrender_of_the_Burghers_of_Ghent_in_1453_-_WGA15789.jpg/441px-15th-century_painters_-_Surrender_of_the_Burghers_of_Ghent_in_1453_-_WGA15789.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="441" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/15th-century_painters_-_Surrender_of_the_Burghers_of_Ghent_in_1453_-_WGA15789.jpg/441px-15th-century_painters_-_Surrender_of_the_Burghers_of_Ghent_in_1453_-_WGA15789.jpg" width="293" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Philip receives the surrender of Ghent</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In June
Charles VII had instructed ambassadors to negotiate a settlement between the
two warring parties and by mid-July Philip was forced to sign a six week truce.
He then bribed the ambassadors to prepare a treaty that very much favoured
himself which was rejected by Ghent. Philip had his captains garrison the
surrounding towns as he laid off his armies for the winter.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Throughout
the winter and spring various offers and counter-offers were made between the
two warring parties. Philip’s final offer was dismissed in early June and on 18<sup>th</sup>
he and his army set out from Lille. His fleet was mobilised at Sluys,
blockading the sea route up to Ghent. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">En route to
Ghent Philips’ army took the few outlying castles held by his enemies and on 23<sup>rd</sup>
July 1453 at the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gavere"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Battle of Gavere</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> the men of Ghent broke ranks and
made for the local woods where they were annihilated. Philip refused to destroy
the town after this victory and the terms he imposed on the town were little
different from the terms refused the previous year. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Visiting the Holy Roman Emperor <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/'Le_voeu_du_faisan'_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4212.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="365" data-original-width="800" height="289" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/'Le_voeu_du_faisan'_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4212.jpeg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Feast of the Pheasant - Isabella (2L) and Philip (3L)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">On 17<sup>th</sup>
February 1454, at the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_of_the_Pheasant"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Feast of the Pheasant</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> at Lille, Philip swore to go on
crusade. His vow was hedged about with conditions that meant he was very
unlikely to actually leave for the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Holy Land</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">. He was followed by about a hundred of his courtiers eager to please
their duke. Even Hue de Lannoy, now seventy, took the vow. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Late the
following month Philip was summonsed by the Holy Roman Emperor </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Frederick III</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, as a Prince of the empire, to
attend the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Imperial Diet</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><u>. Frederick wanted to discuss the
projected crusade.</u></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">
Philip left Lille <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><u>o</u></span></span>n 24<sup>th</sup>
March 1454 with an escort of just thirty men. The fifty-four year old pushed
himself hard and arrived at Regensburg in the company of the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IX,_Duke_of_Bavaria"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Duke of Bavaria</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> on 23<sup>rd</sup> April</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20IX.docx" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ludwig_der_Reiche.jpg/368px-Ludwig_der_Reiche.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="368" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ludwig_der_Reiche.jpg/368px-Ludwig_der_Reiche.jpg" width="245" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Louis of Bavaria</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘We met Duke Louis of
Bavaria…..coming towards my lord [Philip] accompanied by Cardinal Peter<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20IX.docx" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Augsburg"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Augsberg</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> and
a large company of chivalry. He received my lord the duke there and took him to
his town of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauingen"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Lauingen</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">
that evening.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20IX.docx" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip was
disappointed to find the emperor unavoidably detained with fighting on his
southern Hungarian border. He would have liked to have had the emperor invest
him with his imperial landholdings. Philip did manage get himself on good terms
with a number of the great and good of the Holy Roman Empire and laid the
foundations of future alliances. Philip hoped to have secured his northern
borders while he was on crusade.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip’s
return journey was via </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landshut"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Landshut</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> where he stayed for a few days as
the guest of the Duke of Bavaria; once again he was struck down by illness. He
was unwell for ten days, probably an intestinal complaint. Philip finally
returned home in early May, locating himself at </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salins-les-Bains"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Salins</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">An Unexpected Visitor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Martelarenplein_Leuven_2008.jpg/800px-Martelarenplein_Leuven_2008.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="532" data-original-width="800" height="265" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Martelarenplein_Leuven_2008.jpg/800px-Martelarenplein_Leuven_2008.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Louvain</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The ruling
in Rome in July 1456 that Joan of Arc had been tried illegitimately by the
English with the assistance of the Burgundians was a feather in Charles VII’s
cap. It confirmed his legitimacy as ruler of France. In October of that year
Philip found himself with an unwelcome visitor; the Dauphin Louis was a refugee
from his father’s court and paternal animosity</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20IX.docx" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Louis arrived in </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuven"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Louvain</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> accompanied by one hundred followers. He was informed that Philip would
meet him in Brussels on the 15<sup>th</sup> October.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Louis was
greeted by Isabella and Isabella of Bourbon who insisted that the Dauphin
precede them into the building. Louis was not a great one for formality but
Isabella, in view of the formality of the Burgundian court, protested;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘Monsieur you must be making
fun of me. Otherwise you would not urge such an impropriety.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20IX.docx" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Grand_Place_Genappe.jpg/800px-Grand_Place_Genappe.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="300" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Grand_Place_Genappe.jpg/800px-Grand_Place_Genappe.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Genappe</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">When Philip
arrived in Brussels Louis again had to be dissuaded by Isabella from breaking
with the formality of Burgundian court tradition</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20IX.docx" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> by riding out to meet
Philip. Philip housed Louis and his entourage, giving him a pension of 36,000
livres per annum</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20IX.docx" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">
and allowing him the use of the castle at </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genappe"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Genappe</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">By the end
of October Philip and Louis sent a joint conciliatory embassy to Charles VII;
Louis claimed that he had come to Burgundy to join in Philip’s crusade. But the
French king had taken advantage of Louis’ departure from the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauphin%C3%A9"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Dauphiné</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> to take the region’s fortresses. Philip’s deputation to Charles VII was
met with the response that Charles VII held Philip responsible for Louis’
behaviour. He informed his intimates that; <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">The Duke of Burgundy has
taken in a fox that will eat his chickens.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20IX.docx" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">A Familial Dispute</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Van_der_weyden_miniature.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="468" data-original-width="618" height="302" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Van_der_weyden_miniature.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Philip (CL) and Charles (CR)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">There had
long been disagreement between Philip and his son over the influence of the de
Croy family at court. The two senior de Croys were on the duke’s council and
were both founding members of the Order of the Golden Fleece. Both brothers
amassed amazing fortunes in Philip’s service that included bribes taken from
France. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Antoine de
Croy was one of two principal governors of the Netherlands, governor of
Luxembourg, Namur and Boulogne and Captain of St Omer. His son was ducal
chamberlain and his brother Jehan was succeeded as bailiff and captain-general
of Hainault by his son Philippe. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The two
brothers behaved as rulers in their own right, toadying to Philip who seemed
unable to understand that the de Croys supported Charles VII despite Philip’s
continuing advancement of the interests of the de Croy families. Descended from
a mere </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_banneret"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">banneret</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">, Philippe de Croy demanded the
daughter of the Count of St Pol as his son’s bride. St Pol refused and found
his lands confiscated by Philip. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In 1456
Antoine de Croy seized some lands that were due to be inherited by Charles. In January
1457 the dispute between Philip and Charles broke out into a series of violent
quarrels. Charles refused to give Philippe de Croy a post in his household, a
position he had reserved for Antoine Rolin, the Chancellor’s son. The quarrel
took place in the oratory of the ducal palace at Brussels and Isabella hastily
removed her son from the scene.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/ForetDeSoignesSunset.jpg/800px-ForetDeSoignesSunset.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="535" data-original-width="800" height="267" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/ForetDeSoignesSunset.jpg/800px-ForetDeSoignesSunset.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Forest of Soignes</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip
decided to leave for Hal at night, on his own, arranging to meet the de Croy
brothers there. He got lost en route in the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonian_Forest"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">forest of Soignes</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> and sought shelter in a charcoal burner’s cottage as search
parties scoured the countryside.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Not long
after this affair the duchess abandoned the court and her retirement was attributed
to;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 5.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">‘The discord that had arisen
between her son and her husband. The Duke thought this had been caused by her,
therefore he would no longer speak to her.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20IX.docx" name="_ednref13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">She was not
alone in deserting the court, Nicolas Rolin followed suit shortly thereafter.
His departure was engineered by the de Croys.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Fifteenth
Century – EF Jacob, Oxford University Press 1997<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Margaret of
Anjou – Helen E Maurer, Boydell Press 2003<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Louis XI –
Paul Murray Kendall, Sphere Books Ltd 1974<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Isabel of
Burgundy – Aline S Taylor, Madison Books 2001<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Philip the
Good – Richard Vaughan, Boydell Press 2014<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The
Hapsburgs – Andrew Wheatcroft, The Folio Society <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<a href="http://www.wikipedia.en/"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">www.wikipedia.en</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20IX.docx" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Which Philip had recently provisioned; its garrison was positioned to help cut
off Ghent’s river trade<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20IX.docx" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Philip the Good - Vaughan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20IX.docx" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
His lands and titles were passed to Anthony, Philip’s second favourite
illegitimate son<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20IX.docx" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Some towns and provinces provided fighting men; others sent boats or tents etc.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20IX.docx" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Philip had been ill on the journey and had stayed with the duke for several
days at Lauingen<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20IX.docx" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Bishop-Prince of Augsberg<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20IX.docx" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Philip the Good - Vaughan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20IX.docx" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
Louis had rebelled against his father in 1440 and incited the nobility to </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praguerie"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">revolt</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">. He was pardoned but
continued to intrigue against Charles VII. In addition Louis passionately hated
his father’s mistress </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Sorel"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Agnes
Sorèl</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> who caused his mother much grief<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20IX.docx" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Louis XI - Kendall<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20IX.docx" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
The strict etiquette of the Burgundian court was inherited by Philip’s
descendants and was adopted in the Spanish court and spread from there to the
French court at </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Versailles</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
in the 17<sup>th</sup> century<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20IX.docx" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In 2015 the relative</span></strong><strong><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: </span></strong><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">historic standard of
living</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or
wealth is £26,680,000.00 </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">labour earnings</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of
that income or wealth is £214,400,000.00 </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic status</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £868,100,000.00 </span></span><em><u><span style="color: #759d00; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">economic power</span></u></em><span style="color: #333300;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> value of that income or wealth is £16,070,000,000.00 </span></span></span><a href="http://www.measuringworth.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">www.measuringworth.com</span></a><span style="color: #333300; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20IX.docx" name="_edn12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Louis XI - Kendall<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Helen/Documents/Blog/Philip%20the%20Good%20IX.docx" name="_edn13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xiii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
Philip the Good - Vaughan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Helen Lashbrookhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14806155400041511316noreply@blogger.com0