A Tudor Poet – Henry Howard VI

Henry Howard

An Heir to the Throne

Henry and Thomas Seymour brangled at court during the autumn of 1537, when Seymour accused Norfolk of sympathising with the Yorkshire rebels. Still mourning the loss of his childhood friend Henry struck Seymour[i] and spent several months banished to Windsor as a result. It was here that he wrote the ‘Windsor Elegy’ in heroic quatrain; a contrast between his happy years there with Fitzroy and the unhappy present when new men took over court[ii].

     ‘So cruel prison how could betide, alas!

          As proud Windsor? where I in lust and joy,

          With a king’s son my childish years did pass,

          In greater feasts than Priam’s sons of Troy.’[iii]

 

Henry’s arrogance did not dissipate as he brooded during his confinement. But he was recalled to court in early October. Queen Jane was about to give birth. Prince Edward was Queen Jane’s crowning moment and her death, two weeks after Edward’s birth, sanctified her memory in Henry VIII’s mind[iv].

Norfolk stood as one of the child’s godfathers although Henry was not at the ceremony. He did attend the queen’s funeral as one of ‘the six assistants about the corpse and chair’. Henry then returned to East Anglia. There was little enough for a Howard to do at court as Cromwell successfully blocked Norfolk’s access to the king until the spring of 1538.

A Mismatch

Anne of Cleves

By the summer of 1538 the Seymours’ position at court had become unassailable with the presentation of a legal heir to the throne. Cromwell was already looking to bolster his position by finding the king a new wife; to his misfortune his recommendation alighted on Anne of Cleves, sister of the Protestant Duke of Jülich-Cleves.

Thoughts of an alliance with the French fell through as Henry VIII’s demands were insupportable to a Catholic monarch; recognising Henry VIII as head of the church in England and that the French maidens in competition for the honour of being his bride be ferried to Calais for inspection at market.

With the failure of a French marriage Norfolk, who had been closely involved in the negotiations, found himself not needed by the king. Eager to regain his position at court Norfolk cast upon the idea of marrying his daughter Mary to the younger of the queen’s two brothers. And this, despite the fact that the Seymours were mere country gentry and parvenus at court. Norfolk even went so far as to claim that;

‘There ensueth no grete good by the conjunction of grete bloods together.’[v]

Even Cromwell, jealous of any attempts to encroach on his position of power, supported the match between Thomas and Mary. In early June the king gave his consent to the proposed marriage, all that remained was Mary Howard’s formal assent. This was not forthcoming; Mary’s brother had stuck his oar in. Ever jealous of his noble birth and lineage and, determined to prevent a mésalliance, Henry persuaded Mary, in front of an audience of interested courtiers, to refuse the commoner. Mary left court for Kenninghall in July, and despite her father travelling after her, he was unable to change her mind.

Oppressive Parenting



Edward Seymour

Henry was further irked that his father had proposed his children Jane and Thomas (born 10^th March 1538) as spouses for the children of Edward Seymour[vi], the Earl of Hertford without the matter having been discussed with Henry. Norfolk’s hold on Henry was firm, despite the fact that Henry was now in his early twenties. Norfolk selected Thomas’ godparents and planned his grandson’s future.

Henry dined at the Seymour residence in London four times in November 1538, but most of that winter was spent in Norfolk where he was a Commissioner of the Sewers with responsibility for the county’s watercourses. He also assisted his father in ducal business.

Despite being kept chronically short of money by his father, one of the richest men in the country, Henry spent a king’s ransom on maintaining his own splendour. He commissioned paintings of himself by the king’s artists, maintained a splendiferous wardrobe and built a new house in Norwich, on the site of the Benedictine Priory of St Leonard’s[vii]. Built in the Italian Renaissance style the house was furnished with all manner of treasures in the way of tapestries and furniture.

Henry was, like his father, a gambler, but while Norfolk had the psyche of a good gambler, the impulsive Henry did not. He was constantly in debt and he and Frances were forced to live at Kenninghall with Bess Holland and Mary. Henry even borrowed money from his own servants to fund his lifestyle.

The Downfall of a Common Man



John Dudley

Despite their differences the Seymours worked together with the Howards to bring down Cromwell whose championship of the Cleves marriage brought him into disfavour with the king. Henry VIII took against Anne as soon as he met her in the flesh in early January 1540, reportedly calling her ‘the Flemish brood mare’. It cannot have helped that Cleves had asked for guarantors for the lady’s safety[viii]; the king of England’s reputation went before him.

Henry was one of those chosen to ride before the king at Greenwich, as he rode in procession to meet his new wife. The marriage was solemnised on 6^th January 1540 and within days the king was demanding that Cromwell rid him of this latest marital encumbrance.

In the mean time it was decided to hold a tourney at Westminster at the beginning of May; Henry immediately signed up as one of the challengers to Thomas Seymour, George Carew and Richard Cromwell[ix]. As the highest ranked competitor Henry opened the jousting against Sir John Dudley[x]. Throughout the seven days of the tournament Henry was neither unhorsed nor did he unseat any of his challengers.



Austin Friars

It was Cromwell’s alleged protection of religious radicals in Calais that was to be the final straw in the case the Seymours and Norfolk were building against their enemy[xi]. The letter, found at Crowell’s house in Austin Friars so angered the king that he ordered Cromwell’s immediate arrest.

Both Henry’s brother Thomas and his sister Mary were attracted to the vibrancy of the new religion. The reformers believed that Henry himself could be detached from the Howards’ staunch support of the old religion, although Norfolk’s support of Catholicism was taken for granted.

On 10^th June 1540 Cromwell was arrested in the council chamber; the French Ambassador, Charles de Marillac reported back to Paris;

‘The Duke of Norfolk reproached him [Cromwell] with various villainies which he had committed….and my said Lord [the king] has caused public proclamation that none should any more call him Lord Privy Seal….but only Thomas Cromwell, shearman.’[xii]

Cromwell was taken to the Tower and seven days later Norfolk and Gardiner introduced an Act of Attainder[xiii] against him.

The king still had need of his minister even now, to rid himself of Anne of Cleves. A series of councillors cross-questioned Cromwell in his place of incarceration, and Cromwell duly obliged his master one last time. Queen Anne was pensioned off with £500 per annum[xiv] and a property portfolio, some of which came from Cromwell’s forfeited estates. The marriage was annulled on 9^th July. Following Cromwell’s execution on 28^th July Henry sneered;

‘Now is the false churl dead, so ambitious of other’s blood. These new erected men would, by their wills, leave no noble man a life…..now he is stricken with his own staff.’[xv]

He was exceeding proud of his lineage dating back to Edward III and beyond; that a man like Cromwell had had the king’s support for so long had irked both Henry and his father.

Bibliography

Henry VIII’s Last Victim – Jessie Childs, Vintage Books 2008

The Ebbs and Flows of Fortune – David M Head, University of Georgia Press 2009

House of Treason – Robert Hutchinson, Phoenix 2009

Henry VIII – Robert Lacey, Weidenfeld & Nicholson & Book Club Associates 1972

The Earlier Tudors – J D Mackie, Oxford University Press 1992

Rivals in Power – David Starkey, MacMillan London Ltd 1990

The Six Wives of Henry VIII – Alison Weir, Pimlico 1992

A Tudor Tragedy – Neville Williams, Barrie & Jenkins 1964

www.wikipedia.en

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[i] An offence against the King’s Peace that normally resulted in the cutting off of the aggressor’s right (sword) hand

[ii] i.e. Cromwell and his ilk

[iii] Rivals in Power - Starkey

[iv] She was the only one of his wives granted a place beside Henry VIII in death

[v] The Ebbs and Flows of Fortune - Head

[vi] Later Duke of Somerset

[vii] He named the house Mount Surrey

[viii] One of a pair of dour evangelicals suggested that that ‘proud foolish boy’ the Earl of Surrey should be one of the guarantors; clearly Henry already had a reputation amongst the common man

[ix] Thomas Cromwell’s nephew

[x] Son of Edmund Dudley

[xi] The letters may very well have been faked by Norfolk’s agents

[xii] Rivals in Power - Starkey

[xiii] One of Cromwell’s own inventions

[xiv] In 2015 the relative: historic standard of living value of that income or wealth is £290,500.00 labour earnings of that income or wealth is £2,796,000.00 economic status value of that income or wealth is £10,650,000.00 economic power value of that income or wealth is £135,500,000.00 www.measuringworth.com

[xv] House of Treason - Hutchinson

Viscount Lisle – the Last Plantagenet VI

Lady Rutland

Trouble Afoot

In January Arthur approached Dr Olisleger, who had escorted Anne to England, asking him if Anne could take another of Arthur’s stepdaughter’s, Katherine Bassett, to join her sister as one of the ladies of Anne’s Privy Chamber. Olisleger wrote in reply that he had been informed by Cromwell that the posts had already been filled by London.

Anne was more than happy to assist Honor find places at court for her extended family[i]. Honor wrote to Lady Rutland[ii], one of the chosen few, in the hope that she could recommend Katharine, who was already living in Lady Rutland’s household. Lady Rutland replied that the king was the only person who had the choosing of the queen’s ladies.

In February 1540, as part of his power play against Cromwell, Norfolk set up a commission[iii] in Calais to investigate Arthur’s running of Calais, investigating the unrest plaguing the town, as well as;

‘Matters of religion, as touching the observations of the laws, statutes, and ordinances made for the preservation surety and defences of the said Town.’[iv]

St George's Chapel

Arthur was allowed a seat on the commission, along with a number of lawyers, churchmen and lords. The commission reported to London on 5^th April, the verdict supported Arthur and his party in the town.



On 17^th April 1540 Henry wrote to Arthur summonsing him back to London. Arthur happily set out on the journey back to England, confident that he was about to be raised to the rank of Earl. Once in London he attended the House of Lords.

Arthur then travelled to Windsor Castle to take part in a chapter meeting of the Knights of the Garter. Arthur and Sir Thomas Cheyney were appointed to assist the Earl of Cumberland installing the newly appointed knights at a ceremony in St George’s Chapel. Arthur sat on the king’s left at the ensuing Garter Knight’s feast where he was placed between the newly ennobled Cromwell[v] and Lord Russell.

The Botolf Conspiracy

Tower of London

After this Honor heard nothing more of Arthur apart from the fact that he was ill. On 17^th Arthur made a declaration of some sort, the content of which is not known. He was then interrogated before Henry on the following day. Arthur was arrested at 10 o’clock on 19^th May and bundled off to the Tower of London.

The problem arose from a conspiracy emanating from within the Lisle household. One of Arthur’s personal chaplains, Sir Gregory Botolf [vi]and two gentlemen servitors, Clement Philpott, Edward Corbett along with a number of lesser servants, were involved.

In January 1540 Arthur gave the three main conspirators permission to travel to England. Catholic sympathisers all[vii], the conspirators were involved in a plot to betray Calais to the French. Corbett and Philpott travelled to England, but Botolf made his way to Rome. The main conspirators, bar Botolf, were arrested on 1^st May, this included men Cromwell had insisted on favouring against Lisle’s advice.

On 20^th May Honor was placed under house arrest. According to Elis Gruffyd[viii];

‘That afternoon, in the twilight Lord Sussex and the Council went to the Staple Inn where Lady Lisle kept house. She….was put in prison in a room of the palace and the girls were taken from her and put in prison in various places throughout the town. At this time the Treasurer[ix] took possession of all the treasure and clothes of Lord and Lady Lisle in the King’s name.’[x]

Honor and her family were viewed with suspicion, as a result of their friendships with a number of noble French families. Two of the Bassett girls had been living in French households and a marriage was being proposed for Mary with one Gabriel de Montmorency, Seigneur de Bours; making the family even more suspect.

Queen Number Five

Cardinal Pole

To strengthen his own position, rocky in the after effects of the failure of the marriage to Anne of Cleves, Cromwell set about blackening Arthur’s name, making much of a conspiracy that was pie in the sky in the first place. First Cromwell had to separate Henry from his uncle, of whom he remained fond. To do so Cromwell decided to tie Arthur in to his cousin Cardinal Pole[xi], and hoped to eventually defeat his enemy Norfolk was now riding high.

Arrests were made of the great and good. Richard Sampson, Bishop of Chichester was arrested shortly after Arthur, then the king’s chaplain Dr Nicholas Wilson was detained; all three men were accused of treason, having had communication with Rome. But Cromwell was on the losing side and on 10^th June he too was arrested, as he arrived to chair a meeting of the Privy Chamber, on the charges of heresy and working against the king’s purposes in religion. He turned to his fellow Privy Councillors and told them;

‘I have never thought to offend, but if this is to be my treatment, I renounce all claims to pardon and ask only that the king should not make me languish long.’[xii]

His words did not placate his fellow councillors, most of whom had long objected to the upstart brewer’s son. Norfolk ripped off Cromwell’s garter star, finally achieving his long held ambition to bring down his rival[xiii].

The Second Divorce

Catherine Howard

The marriage between Anne and Henry was not consummated, as Henry found himself impotent[xiv], and the architect of the marriage suffered as well as the bride. Anne was put out to pasture on 24^th June having been given a generous settlement, including Richmond Palace, and Hever Castle[xv]. On 10^th July Anne agreed to a divorce and wrote to her ‘brother’ Henry, signing herself as;

‘Your majesty’s most humble sister and servant Anne.’[xvi]

Within days of the announcement of the divorce Anne’s officers and servants were dismissed and replaced anew with people she neither chose nor knew. One of the new ladies was Katherine Bassett.

Cromwell had been reluctant to facilitate the king’s divorce from Anne, knowing that to do so would only open the way to Henry’s marriage to Norfolk’s niece. The dragging of his heels in this matter only eased the way to Cromwell’s fall, much as Wolsey’s failure in Henry’s first divorce led to his fall.

On 28^th July 1540, at the instigation of the Duke of Norfolk, Henry married Catherine Howard, one of Anne Boleyn’s cousins. The same day Cromwell was beheaded at Tyburn, Henry practising his usual disregard for the niceties. By then matters were already too late for Arthur to take advantage of the turning tide.

Death of a Queen

Throughout the summer of 1541 there were numerous executions of Catholics and conspiracies were uncovered in Wales and the north of England. The 69 year old Countess of Salisbury was executed in late May, Lord Leonard Grey died in July and all London expected the king’s uncle to be one of the next to die; Arthur probably believed the same. Henry was heard to say that Arthur had erred;

‘More through simplicity and ignorance than through malice.’[xvii]

In July Arthur was released from solitary confinement and was allowed to walk on the Tower walls.

In November 1541 Catherine Howard was accused by Cranmer[xviii]. of adultery with one Thomas Culpepper, one of Henry’s favourite courtiers. She was examined by members of the council led by Cranmer. Catherine was also accused of having a sexual liaison with a Francis Dereham[xix] before marrying Henry. Her family, who had been so eager for her to wed the king, hunkered down in the hope that the flack would not hit them.

Rumours abounded round the country and at one point Arthur’s stepdaughter Katherine Bassett was brought before the Council. She and a friend, one Jane Ratsey, had been overheard indiscreetly discussing the possibility that Anne of Cleves might be considered for the position of queen again. Katherine asking if;

‘God is working His own work to make the Lady Anne of Cleves queen again.’ Her friend, Jane Ratsey, had replied that; ‘It was impossible that so sweet a queen as the Lady Anne could be utterly put down’ and Mrs Bassett had exclaimed, ‘what a man the King is! How many wives will he have?’[xx]

Both Katherine and her friend were reprimanded for their loose tongues, although they were not alone in their hopeful imaginings.

Thomas Wriothesley

On 13^th February 1542 Catherine Howard, like her cousin before her, was beheaded for adultery. Also executed alongside her was Lady Rochford[xxi]. By this time rumours were rife that Arthur was to be freed; the rumours fired by the news that his arms had been set up again in St George’s Chapel in Windsor Castle.

Henry sent his secretary Thomas Wriothesley to Arthur to inform him that he was to be released from the tower. Arthur appears to have had a heart attack and died before he could leave his place of imprisonment;

‘The King sent him his Ring from off his own Finger, with such comfortable Expressions, that he immoderately receiving so great a pressure of Joy, his Heart was overcharged therewith, and the Night following….he yielded up the Ghost.’[xxii]

Henry sent orders for the release of Honor and her daughters who returned to England in mid-March. Honor spent the last 24 years of her life in retirement in Cornwall.

Bibliography

The Lisle Letters – Muriel St Clare Byrne, Penguin Books 1985

The Royal Bastards of Medieval England – Chris Given-Wilson and Alice Curteis, Barnes and Noble Inc. 1984

The Ebbs and Flows of Fortune – David M Head, University of Georgia Press 2009

Thomas Cromwell – Robert Hutchinson, Phoenix 2008

Henry VIII – Robert Lacey, Weidenfeld & Nicholson and Book Club Associates 1972

The Earlier Tudors – JD Mackie, Oxford University Press 1992

Anne of Cleves – Elizabeth Norton, Amberley Publishing plc, 2010

Six Wives – David Starkey, Chatto & Windus 2003

The Six Wives of Henry VIII – Alison Weir, Pimlico 1992

www.en.wikipedia

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[i] Honor spent a lot of her time pursuing appointments for her daughters and stepdaughters

[ii] Her husband the Earl of Rutland, was Anne’s Lord Chamberlain

[iii] Part of a power play against Cromwell

[iv] The Lisle Letters - Byrne

[v] Now Earl of Essex

[vi] A sweet talker, who known as ‘Gregory sweet-lips’ among his fellow servants and was the bad sheep of a respectable Suffolk family

[vii] As was Honor; rumour had Botolf as Honor’s lover

[viii] Gruffyd worked for the deputy Governor Sir Robert Wingfield who had been at odds with Arthur almost from the beginning

[ix] Sir Edward Wotton who was appointed to a post apparently revived in November 1540. The previous post-holder’s remit ceased in 1528; so the seizure was either made by someone other than the Treasurer or happened after November 1540

[x] The Lisle Letters – Byrne

[xi] Of whom Henry now harboured a pathological hatred

[xii] Thomas Cromwell - Hutchinson

[xiii] The Earl of Southampton replaced Cromwell as Lord Privy Seal

[xiv] Naturally Henry blamed Anne for his inability to have an erection

[xv] Former family home of the Boleyns

[xvi] The Ebbs and Flows of Fortune - Head

[xvii] The Lisle Letters – Byrne

[xviii] An opponent of Norfolk’s; the two were at odds over religion as the Howards held to the Catholic church

[xix] Catherine’s private secretary, appointed at the urging of the Dowager Duchess of Norfolk.

[xx] The Six Wives of Henry VIII - Weir

[xxi] Anne Boleyn’s sister-in-law, Lady Rochford had been promoting the liaison between the young couple

[xxii] The Lisle Letters  - Byrne