The Spare Prince II

 

Clement VII

Freedom

In 1529, in part thanks to his mother’s foreign policy while he was imprisoned François was able to forge a new anti-Hapsburg alliance with those who felt that Charles V was becoming too powerful; joining the alliance was the pope Clement VII[i], the Republic of Venice, the Duke of Ferrara and de’ Medici ruler[ii] of Florence. Last but not least was the newly reinstated Duke of Milan, Francesco II Sforza[iii] who was wary of Charles’ ambitions in Italy[iv]. Henry VIII was also becoming wary of Charles and was not best pleased that the emperor had turned down the offer of his daughter Mary in marriage[v].

While the king of France and the Holy Roman Emperor were locked in increasing intransigence Louise of Savoy and Charles aunt’ Margaret of Austria[vi] were able to negotiate the Treaty of Cambrai, signed in August 1529. The treaty gave Charles two million écus[vii] in exchange for the return for the two French princes.

Louise of Savoy

Louise of Savoy sent her usher to visit François and Henri to inform them they were coming home. Monsieur Bodin arrived at Pedraza in September 1529 and was horrified to find the two boys in a small dark cell, with one small window high up in the walls and two straw mattresses for furnishings. According to the guards the only pleasure the boys had was two small dogs[viii]. The guards also informed Bodin;

‘You see how the sons of the king your master are treated, with no company but that of the soldiers….and neither exercise nor education[ix].’[x]

Short of money François had to raise his sons’ ransom from his richer subjects. He charged Anne de Montmorency, Grand Master of France, with the task of handing over the gold and bringing his sons back to France.

Back Home

Mont de Marsan

François’ new queen accompanied his sons return to their homeland. Henri’s treatment in Spain led to him to hate both his father and more particularly Charles V, the controller of his and François’ deteriorating imprisonment in Spain. Father and sons met on 6^th July 1530[xi] at Mont de Marsan.

Their imprisonment had changed the two boys; François returned more Spanish than French, wearing only sombre colours, speaking very little and drinking only water. Henri returned, changed from a bright intelligent child to an awkward, taciturn, morose and unsociable boy rarely heard laughing. This change was to last the rest of his life, François was displeased in the change in his sons and was unable to hide his displeasure. Never one to put himself out he commented that;

‘He did not care for dreamy, sullen, sleepy children’[xii]

Anne de Pisseleu

And henceforth bestowed his affection solely on his youngest son Charles. Henri vented his frustration in a frenzy of hunting, tilting, wrestling and other wild exercise. He threw himself into becoming an excellent Real Tennis player. He gathered round him a tight-knit band of friends including Jacques d’Albon[xiii] and François de Guise[xiv]. Henri was to idolise the older Jacques for the rest of his life.

Henri also found much to admire in the prince’s new head of household Anne de Montmorency. The estrangement with his father led to Henri becoming devoted to Montmorency who carried with him the aura of a successful soldier as well as being a chivalrous and learned man.

The Dauphin and Henri were reunited with their siblings at Amboise and in March 1531 Henri was involved in the coronation of his stepmother at St Denis. François had no interest in his wife and failed to hide his feelings for his latest mistress Anne de Pisseleu, Duchesse d’Étampes[xv]. He publically indulged in sexual behaviour with Anne, embarrassing Eleanor. During the summer the court went on a progress around the country to thank the French for their efforts in obtaining the return from durance vile of the two older princes.

An Arranged Marriage

Henry Fitzroy

François came of age in 1532 and was now old enough to come into his inheritance, from his mother, as Duke of Brittany. His father had administered the duchy since the death of Queen Claude. At the same time King Henry VIII was attempting to browbeat the pope into granting him a divorce from his queen to marry his new love Anne Boleyn. Unfortunately for Henry his wife’s nephew was Charles V.

In late 1532 Henry VIII met with François in Calais and the two men agreed that François would try and persuade Clement VII to grant Henry his divorce. In the meantime Henry sent his bastard son Henry Fitzroy to François’ court[xvi], along with Henry Howard, the son and heir of the Duke of Norfolk, to gain some French polish. The two boys got on well with the French princes, being as sports mad as Henri and Charles.

As a Son of France Henri was never going to be able to choose his own wife and so it was that the pope had a niece to dispose of; Catherine de’ Medici[xvii]. Clement offered Catherine as a bride for Henri to cement the alliance between the papacy and France[xviii]. The young couple had something in common as Catherine had also been a prisoner of the Hapsburgs.

Catherine and Henri's wedding

In January 1533 Clement agreed to meet with François to discuss the matter of a marriage between the two young people and confirmed Thomas Cranmer[xix] as Archbishop of Canterbury. By the time the two men met to discuss Henri’s marriage to Catherine, Henry VIII had lost patience and had Cranmer declare him divorced and married Anne. Clement tried, unsuccessfully, to force Henry to give up his new wife and return to the staid and aging former queen. Despite pressure from Henry François refused to bully the pope, afraid that if he did so Clement would turn to Charles V for support and weaken the League against the emperor.

Catherine sailed from la Spezia with the papal fleet on 1^st September and the fleet collected Clement from Villefranche, arriving in Marseille on 11^th October. François prostrated himself before Clement the following day and Catherine and Henri were wed on 28^th. Catherine’s dowry[xx] was 130,000 gold eçus[xxi]; she also had jewellery to the value of 27,900 gold eçus. From her new father-in-law Catherine was to receive an annual income of 10,000 livres[xxii]. As a memento the pope apparently gave François a unicorn’s horn[xxiii]

‘Pope Clement VII gave him [François] a gift of a unicorn’s horn, which expels poisons, to make him understand that he should keep his kingdom safe from heresy.’[xxiv]

On 12^th November François and his court departed for Avignon and Clement returned to Rome.

Bibliography

Martyrs and Murderers – Stuart Carroll, Oxford University Press 2009

Catherine de Medici – Leonie Frieda, a Phoenix Paperback 2003

Charles V – Harald Kleinschmidt, Sutton Publishing 2004

French Renaissance Monarchy – RJ Knecht, Longman Group 1996

The Rise and Fall of Renaissance France – RJ Knecht, Fontana Press 1996

Catherine de’ Medici – RJ Knecht, Pearson Education Ltd 1998

A History of France – David Potter, The MacMillan Press 1995

Prince of the Renaissance – Desmond Seward, MacMillan Publishing 1973

Emperor Charles V – James D Tracey, Cambridge University Press 2010

Henri II – H Noel Williams, Methuen and Co 1910 (reprint 2016)

www.wikipedia.en

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[i] Who had been taken prisoner by the emperor during the sack of Rome in 1527; he escaped to Orvieto in December 1528

[ii] Cousin of the pope

[iii] Upon payment of 900,000 ducats; in 2015 the relative: historic standard of living value of that income or wealth is £500,300,000.00 labour earnings of that income or wealth is £6,033,000,000.00 economic status value of that income or wealth is £16,790,000,000.00 economic power value of that income or wealth is £238,700,000,000.00 www.measuringworth.com

[iv] Known as the League of Cognac

[v] Charles was to marry his cousin Isabella of Portugal; the close and continual intermarriages of the Hapsburg family were to end with the unhappy Carlos II, while Mary was to marry Charles’ son Philip

[vi] Governor of the Spanish Netherlands on her nephew’s behalf

[vii] In 2015 the relative: historic standard of living value of that income or wealth is £1,112,000,000.00 labour earnings of that income or wealth is £13,410,000,000.00 economic status value of that income or wealth is £37,310,000,000.00 economic power value of that income or wealth is £530,400,000,000.00 www.measuringworth.com

[viii] The dwarf seems to have been sent away (or died) by this time

[ix] This is not the only time that Charles V has been accused of ill-treatment of prisoners by neglect; he treated his mother similarly see http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2015/11/reanaissance-europe-juana-la-loca-v.html

[x] Catherine de Medici - Frieda

[xi] Much of the intervening time had been spent raising the ransom and then raising the deficit after some of the treasury officials charged with gathering the monies, clipped the coins which were found to be under value

[xii] Henri II - Williams

[xiii] Son of his governor

[xiv] Son and heir of Claude, Duc de Guise

[xv] The king’s sister informed the Duke of Norfolk that François could not bear to share Eleanor’s bed

[xvi] See Henry Howard III

[xvii] Daughter of Lorenzo II de’ Medici

[xviii] François saw the marriage as a route back into winning back Milan

[xix] Architect of the royal divorce

[xx] 30,000 eçus of which was in exchange for her rights to the Medici patrimony

[xxi] In 2015 the relative: historic standard of living value of that income or wealth is £71,240,000.00 labour earnings of that income or wealth is £790,800,000.00 economic status value of that income or wealth is £2,391,000,000.00 economic power value of that income or wealth is £32,640,000,000.00 www.measuringworth.com

[xxii] In 2015 the relative: historic standard of living value of that income or wealth is £5,480,000.00 labour earnings of that income or wealth is £60,830,000.00 economic status value of that income or wealth is £183,900,000.00 economic power value of that income or wealth is £2,511,000,000.00 www.measuringworth.com

[xxiii] A narwhal tusk

[xxiv] Catherine de’ Medici - Knecht

A Tudor Poet – Henry Howard V

Henry Howard

A Momentous Year Begins

At some point in 1536 Frances moved to live at Kenninghall with her husband, the couple were both eighteen. Their daughter Jane was born sometime between the end of that year and the beginning of the next. The year started off badly for the Howard family; in January Queen Anne lost the baby she was carrying, a male child, and Henry VIII blamed his wife for the miscarriage. He had already started romancing one of her ladies-in-waiting, one Jane Seymour a member of the powerful Seymour family.

It was not long before the king’s thoughts turned to divorce and Cromwell was able to create reasons for his master to eschew Anne who was accused of adultery with a number of men at court including her brother, George Boleyn, among others. By April Cromwell was ready with proof[i]; the indictment stated that the queen;

‘Daily her frail and carnal lust, did falsely and traitorously procure by base conversations and kisses, diverse of the King’s daily and familiar servants to be her adulterers and concubines, so that several of the King’s servants yielded to her vile provocations.’[ii]

Fitzroy had been ailing for some months, despite that he still attended the execution of Anne Boleyn on 19^th May along with Norfolk[iii]. For his reward Cromwell was made Lord Privy Seal, replacing Anne Boleyn’s father the Earl of Wiltshire. Cromwell now controlled most of the machinery of government. Norfolk was now almost powerless.

Poets in Peril

Sir Thomas Wyatt

The reversal of his fortunes was made quite clear when Norfolk was unable to assist when his half-brother Thomas who was arrested on 8^th July for his presumption in plighting his troth to the king’s niece Lady Margaret Douglas[iv].. The pre-contract had been signed sometime after 17^th May when the Princess Elizabeth had been declared a bastard and the paranoid Henry VIII viewed the affair as treasonous[v]. Lady Margaret who, as the daughter of Margaret Tudor, had a claim to the throne now that both Henry’s daughters had been pronounced illegitimate.

Lady Margaret and Thomas Howard were both poets and they and Henry and Mary Howard[vi] (also poets in their own right) formed a mutual appreciation circle, along with others at court including Sir Thomas Wyatt, to discuss their own poetry. The circle recorded their favourite poems in the Devonshire manuscript.

Lord Thomas found himself in the Tower and an Act of Attainder[vii], to which his half-brother was forced to assent[viii], was passed against him. He was to remain incarcerated until his death in 1537. The 20 year old Margaret was also sent to the Tower and they both feared the worst. On 23^rd July the imperial ambassador reported that Margaret;

‘For the present, has been pardoned her life considering that copulation had not taken place.’[ix]

On the same day Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset died, his marriage with Mary still unconsummated, at St James Palace in London. He was buried at Framlingham parish church, the burial place of the Howard family, in a very private funeral[x] with only two mourners in attendance.

Henry was heartbroken by the loss of his comrade in arms; at the funeral he rode Fitzroy’s favourite jennet along with its saddle and harness of black velvet. Henry’s grief was exacerbated the following month when he received the news of the death from pleurisy of his friend the Dauphin François.

Pilgrimage of Grace

Banner of Wounds similar to that carried on Pilgrimage of Grace

Norfolk, who barely escaped being sent to the Tower himself, was annoyed to miss out on the plums on offer following the dissolution of the monasteries, as the Church of England separated itself from the church in Rome. Cromwell, in charge of the dissolution and picking up many of the plums for himself, allied himself with the Seymours and Archbishop Cranmer to Norfolk’s detriment. He and Bishop Gardiner found themselves in the leading ranks of the conservatives.

In early October in Lincolnshire there was an uprising protesting against the break with Rome and the associated loss of the monasteries. The spark was the closing of Louth Park Abbey. The king sent a force under his brother-in-law, the Duke of Suffolk, to deal with his rebellious subjects. Suffolk had been building a powerbase in the region.

Duke of Suffolk

Twelve days later Yorkshire went up in flames as what became known as the Pilgrimage of Grace flared up. Like the Lincolnshire uprising, this was a protest against the religious changes across the country. While ordinary folk might approve the death of the traitorous Queen Anne, they did not appreciate the loss of their religion, any more than did the conservative northern lords who failed to keep law and order in their lands once the rebellion took hold.

While the Lincolnshire uprising was being suppressed one Robert Aske[xi] was raising the banner of the five wounds of Christ in Yorkshire. Many of the Lincolnshire protesters joined Aske’s band, swelling their ranks with tens of thousands of adherents.

The king originally planned to lead his army north in person. Norfolk, who had anticipated being given a leading role in putting down the rebellion, found himself packed off to East Anglia to prevent trouble occurring there. His son Henry would fight on his behalf; the sixty-three year old duke wrote a shocked letter to the king;

‘Alas, sir, shal every noble man save I eyther come to your person or els go towards your enemys? Shall I now sit still lyk a man of law? Alas, sir, my hert is nere ded as wold to God it wer.’[xii]

Norfolk threatened to march north in any event and soon he received new orders sending him up to join the fighting in Yorkshire.

Northwards

Earl of Shrewsbury (C)

On 11^th October 1536 Norfolk left Kenninghall with Henry in his train. Henry helped his father with the mustering of his men, he bragged that;

‘A company of so able men and so goodly personage as I do think the like in such number upon so sudden warning assembled hath not been seen, which those here do judge as have seen many musters.’[xiii]

Thomas was left at home with several hundred men to preserve order in the Howard back yard. As soon as Henry VIII heard of Henry’s attendance upon his father he ordered him back to Norfolk where the two Howard boys would be hostage for their father’s loyalty.

Norfolk met up with the Earl of Shrewsbury at Doncaster. On 27^th October Norfolk and his eight thousand men met with the rebels, forty thousand strong, at Doncaster Bridge. He promised to present their grievances at court. The two armies separated; Henry VIII did not listen to the representations of the rebels, he’d been primed by Norfolk’s enemies at court to consider Norfolk a rebel sympathiser.

Norfolk was forbidden to address the rebels’ demands; the king was confident that the rebels would see things his way and would disperse. Henry VIII seemed to be unaware of the disparity of the two forces. Meeting with the rebels on 4^th December Norfolk promised them the moon, including the temporary restoration of the monasteries and the coronation of Queen Jane at York. Trusting Norfolk’s integrity the rebels dispersed.

Early in 1537 a number of trouble spots flared up[xiv] and Norfolk declared martial law. He had around two hundred former rebels rounded up and hung from the trees and steeples of their villages. In March he summonsed Henry to come and join him in subjugating the region. The new uprising failed and Aske and his fellow rebels were arrested and brought to trial for treason.

Returning home Henry was unwell for much of the summer of 1537 which he spent at Kenninghall and Norfolk commented that;

‘He is there with his wife, which is an ill medicine for that purpose.’[xv]

This is one of the few hints of how Henry and Frances got on together; it could have been that Norfolk, who had never cared for the de Vere alliance, believed that the cure for what ailed his son was manly pursuits such as war.

Bibliography

Thomas Wyatt – Susan Brigden, Faber and Faber 2012

Henry VIII’s Last Victim – Jessie Childs, Vintage Books 2008

The Ebbs and Flows of Fortune – David M Head, University of Georgia Press 2009

House of Treason – Robert Hutchinson, Phoenix 2009

Henry VIII – Robert Lacey, Weidenfeld & Nicholson & Book Club Associates 1972

The Earlier Tudors – J D Mackie, Oxford University Press 1992

Bastard Prince – Beverley A Murphy, Sutton Publishing 2001

Rivals in Power – David Starkey, MacMillan London Ltd 1990

The Six Wives of Henry VIII – Alison Weir, Pimlico 1992

The Lost Tudor Princess – Alison Weir, Vintage 2015

A Tudor Tragedy – Neville Williams, Barrie & Jenkins 1964

www.wikipedia.en

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[i] See http://wolfgang20.blogspot.co.uk/2015/02/the-importance-of-being-thomas-vii.html 

[ii] Henry VIII’s Last Victim - Childs

[iii] It is not known if Henry attended his cousin’s execution

[iv] Mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley and grandmother of James I & VI and Arbella Stuart

[v] Given the king’s propensity for throwing people into the Tower or executing them, the couple would have been wiser to apply for royal permission, albeit that probably would not have been granted.

[vi] Henry was only five years younger than his uncle

[vii] Rather than try Thomas according to a law passed in the month AFTER the engagement, he was declared traitor by statute

[viii] Norfolk was always prepared to jettison his family when his safety was encroached upon

[ix] The Lost Tudor Princess - Weir

[x] By order of the king who later changed his mind and blamed the lack of pomp and circumstance on Norfolk who exceeded the original orders given him by Henry VIII

[xi] A barrister from London

[xii] The Ebbs and Flows of Fortune - Head

[xiii] Henry VIII’s Last Victim - Childs

[xiv] Contrary to Aske’s orders; known as Bigod’s Rebellion

[xv] Henry VIII’s Last Victim - Childs