Geoffrey Plantagenet – the King’s Bastard II



York Minster

Chancellor of England

Although Bishop of Lincoln Geoffrey was still in minor orders and had not been consecrated. Losing patience Pope Alexander decided that the current situation could not continue and in 1181 he wrote to Henry demanding that Geoffrey be consecrated straight away or made to resign. Geoffrey was not prepared to take this step that would lock him into the church and wrote asking for a further three years. Alexander refused.

Geoffrey and Henry came to an agreement; if Geoffrey resigned his see his father would make him Chancellor of England and be granted lands and office to offset his lost clerical revenues. Geoffrey was granted the archdeaconry of Rouen, the post of treasurer of York Cathedral and two castles in Anjou, giving him an income of £650 per annum[i].

Geoffrey resigned the see of Lincoln on 6^th January 1182. Geoffrey was to remain Chancellor for the rest of his father’s reign, but his father’s prodigious energy was failing; what was to follow was a long period of decline.

Rebellious Offspring

Bertan de Born

Henry was increasingly isolated by his legitimate children’s lust for power. Henry the Young King was determined to inherit all his father’s lands; on the other hand Richard was determined to have Aquitaine. He refused to pay homage to his elder brother, arguing that they were equals. Richard decided to strengthen his borders and built a castle at Clairvaux. Bertran de Born, a minstrel, wrote a chanson;

‘Someone has dared to build a fair castle at Clairvaux, in the midst of the plain.

I should not wish the Young King to know about it or see it,

for he would not find it to his liking;

But I fear, so white is the stone, that he cannot fail to see it from Mathefelon[ii].’[iii]

The Young King

Henry the Younger alleged that the new chateau encroached on territories bound to Anjou.  In February 1183 open warfare broke out; Henry the Younger left for Aquitaine, ostensibly as a mediator between Richard and his father. But when Henry travelled to Limoges he was met by flights of arrows, one of which pierced his cloak. Henry the Younger, along with Count Aymer and other discontented rebels, claimed  the assault was a misunderstanding.



Henry the Younger was supported by his brother Geoffrey of Brittany who organised a wholesale invasion of Poitou. The French king Philip[iv] sent assistance to the rebels, joining brigands provided by Aymer. 

Henry was concerned that a general uprising would ensue and ordered the arrest of any of his nobles in England likely to join his sons. Henry’s fears were unfounded; none of his barons in England rose up and nor did Aquitaine, although the county dissolved into general disorder.

Henry the Younger left Limoges to attack some of Richard’s more vulnerable castles, after plundering the townsfolk and the shrine of St Martial of their wealth to pay his mercenaries. Failing in his mission Henry the Younger returned to Limoges where he was greeted with a hail of rocks. He retreated, picked up dysentery and died at Martel on 11^th June 1183. He was buried at Rouen. Without the Young King the revolt faded away; his supporters

‘Made haste to go about their own business.’[v]

France Intervenes



Geoffrey of Brittany

Henry tried to play his children off one against the other, but Philip put his oar in, continuing to play Henry’s children off against their father. In 1186 Geoffrey of Brittany died after being unhorsed and trampled underfoot in a tourney in Paris on 9^th June; he succumbed to the resultant fever. Geoffrey appears to have been plotting with Philip. He left behind a pregnant wife. His posthumous son Arthur of Brittany[vi] was to be his heir. Geoffrey was buried in Notre Dame;

‘With but few regrets from his father, to whom he had been an unfaithful son, but with sore grief to the French.’[vii]

King Philip apparently had to be restrained from throwing himself into the grave. Instead he started working on the new heir apparent’s discontent. He was fortunate in that Richard had built up a huge backlog of discontent with the aid of his mother, whose darling he was.

Philip now demanded that Henry allow Richard to marry Alys[viii], Countess of the Vexin. Alys, Philip’s half-sister, had been living in the English court for twenty-five years[ix]. Richard had not pressed for the marriage to take place. Rumour claimed that Henry had seduced Alys and Richard seems to have believed the stories[x].

Chateau de Gisors

In 1187 the vexed question of the Vexin arose once again; Philip ordered the building of a castle at Gisors, close to Henry’s stronghold on the border. Henry’s men rode out to stop the building and in the ensuing fight killed the son of one of Philip’s sworn men. Two conferences held in the spring kept the peace for a short while, but in the summer Philip invaded Berry. War looked imminent but the papal legates intervened to stop the battle both sides were preparing for.

Richard was persuaded to return to Paris with Philip and Richard offered allegiance to Philip for all his father’s lands across the seas. The two men became close;

‘Every day they ate at the same table and from the same dish, and at night had not separate chambers.[xi]’[xii]

Philip was not as successful at separating Richard from his father as he had been with Geoffrey. Richard was intent on holding Aquitaine against all comers and was rightly suspicious of Philip’s motives.

Death of a King

Philip and Henry take the cross

By 1189 Henry was feeling his years, an old man at the age of fifty-six and at odds with the majority of his sons. Only base-born Geoffrey stayed true to his father. Henry tried to keep Richard in check by playing him off against John. He refused to confirm Richard as heir to the throne of England or to his French dominions, holding over his head the threat of disinheriting him in John’s favour.

A new crusade was announced and Richard was eager to win fame and fortune by the force of his arms. To do so, Richard needed to sort out the succession issues before he departed for Outremer. Philip too was eager to go on crusade.

The war between Henry and Philip was renewed; Geoffrey acted as his father’s chief of staff in this last campaign. Henry sent him to secure his castles in France and then Geoffrey made for Normandy to alert the garrisons there.

Henry made for Le Mans, by the time he arrived he was facing disaster. His troops set fire to the suburbs and the flames spread into the town itself. Henry was forced to retreat, and Richard and Philip took his baggage train and followed this up by taking Le Mans and then Tours.

Chateau de Chinon

Henry made for his castle at Chinon, but was forced to meet his enemies for a conference at Ballon. Henry was so ill he nearly fell from his horse. He was forced to accept humiliating terms from Philip; he would hand over Alys, Philip would retain his conquests in Berry and the Auvergne and Henry would pay 20,000 marks in compensation. Henry was helpless and raged at Richard;

‘God spare me until I may be revenged upon you!’[xiii]

Most of Henry’s barons had deserted to the winning side, including John, Henry’s favourite legitimate son.

Henry returned to Chinon and seems to have suffered a stroke upon reading the lists of those who had changed sides. His faced changed colour and his speech was unintelligible. Only Geoffrey was at his father’s deathbed when on 6^th July 1189 Henry was carried on a litter into the castle chapel where he suffered a further stroke and died.

Henry’s belongings were stolen by the servants and his corpse was left dressed only in a shirt and breeches. The new king left Geoffrey to arrange Henry’s funeral; he was buried at Fontrevault Abbey. Unlike his half-brothers Geoffrey was devastated by the loss of his father and protector.

Bibliography

Philip Augustus – Jim Bradbury, Longman 1998

King John – Stephen Church, MacMillan 2013

Early Medieval England – MT Clanchy, The Folio Society 1997

Richard the Lionheart – John Gillingham, George Weidenfeld and Nicholson 1989

The Royal Bastards of Medieval England – Chris Given- Wilson and Alice Curteis, Barnes & Noble Books 1995

The Plantagenets – Dan Jones, William Collins 2012

Henry II – WL Warren, Yale University Press 2000

King John – WL Warren, Yale University Press 1997

Eleanor of Aquitaine – Alison Weir, Jonathan Cape 1999

The Plantagenets – Derek Wilson, Quercus Editions Ltd 2014

www.wikipedia.en

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[i] Comparisons of wealth are not calculated for before the year 1270, but if Geoffrey’s income had been granted in that year, not 1181 then the relative worth in 2014 would have been; historic standard of living value of that income or wealth is £555,500.00 labour earnings of that income or wealth is £9,800,000.00 economic status value of that income or wealth is £23,220,000.00 economic power value of that income or wealth is £189,300,000.00 www.measuringworth.com

[ii] Near Tiercé

[iii] Henry II - Warren

[iv] Junior king of France from November 1179 and Senior king from 18^th September 1180

[v] Henry II - Warren

[vi] King Philip immediately claimed Arthur as his ward, but Henry refused to allow this

[vii] Eleanor of Aquitaine - Weir

[viii] One of Louis VII’s children by his second wife

[ix] Following an agreement in January 1169 between Louis and Henry that Alys would marry Richard

[x] While on crusade he claimed that Henry had fathered a bastard on Alys

[xi] It has been alleged that Richard was homosexual, this comment from Richard of Howden being taken as evidence in the theory’s favour

[xii] Philip Augustus - Bradbury

[xiii] The Royal Bastards – Given-Wilson & Curteis

Geoffrey Plantagenet – the King’s Bastard

Henry II

The Young Bastard

Geoffrey Plantagenet was born in 1152; his mother is believed to be a prostitute named Ykenai, Walter Map[i] described her as;

‘A base-born, common harlot who stooped to all uncleanness[ii].’[iii]

His father was Henry II, King of England who married Eleanor of Aquitaine on 18^th May 1152. It is likely that Geoffrey was conceived before the marriage. Henry was an enthusiastic lover of women and Geoffrey was his oldest child.

Once Henry had been crowned king on 19^th December 1154 Ykenia presented her son at court. Against his councillors advice Henry acknowledged Geoffrey as his child; Geoffrey was circa two years old at the time. Henry was devoted to his son; similarly Geoffrey loved his father who had him brought up in the royal household with his half-brothers and sisters. Whatever his father thought about Geoffrey, unsurprisingly Queen Eleanor showed him no affection.

The eldest of Henry’s legitimate son’s was William born in 1153[iv], followed in 1155 by Prince Henry[v], Matilda[vi] in 1156, Richard in 1157, Geoffrey of Brittany[vii] in 1158,. There was then a break until 1162 when Eleanor[viii] was born, Joan[ix] followed three years later in 1165. Henry and Eleanor’s final child was John, born in 1166.

The Cleric and War

Lincoln Cathedral

When he was older Geoffrey was sent to school in Nottingham, where he studied canon law. Geoffrey may have done some teaching at the University of Paris during the early 1170s. While a ‘mere boy’ Geoffrey entered into minor orders and was appointed Archdeacon of Lincoln in September 1171 and bishop-elect by 1173; in April Henry persuaded the canons of Lincoln cathedral to elect Geoffrey. He also held a prebendary in the diocese of London, although he does not appear have performed any of the duties normally required.

In the autumn of 1173 Pope Alexander III refused to confirm Geoffrey’s election as bishop, his main objections being Geoffrey’s youth and illegitimacy. The refusal required a visit to Rome on Geoffrey’s part. The trip was delayed by family problems.

By 1173 the relationship between Henry and Eleanor had broken down. Eleanor, now 51, may have decided to flex her muscles. Similarly her sons, kept on a leash by their father, were itching to break free from their father’s domination. Egged on by their mother the three eldest boys Henry[x] who demanded control of Normandy, England or Anjou,, Richard and Geoffrey of Brittany raced away from Henry’s court at Chinon. Henry had been forewarned by Raymond of Toulouse[xi], at Chinon to acknowledge Henry’s overlordship;

‘I advise you, King, to beware of your wife and sons.’[xii]

Louis VII denier

They arrived in Paris to join the court of their father’s arch enemy, Louis VII of France[xiii] who was only too keen to avenge any number of insults[xiv]. Eleanor, disguised as a man, was picked up as she tried to leave the court and was taken back to her husband[xv]. Four of Henry’s earls, one of them being Earl Robert de Beaumont of Leicester, backed the rebellion along with a number of other leading landowners. William the Lion, king of Scotland, declared for the rebels, so Henry was forced to fight on a number of fronts.

Supporting the King

Over the winter Henry and the loyalists were able to hold their own, but gradually the balance of control toppled in Henry’s direction. Much of the fighting took place in Normandy. In England it was the Midlands that was crucial for both rebels and loyalists alike. The king’s deputy and Justiciar Richard de Lucy was to be key in keeping control of the kingdom for Henry.

Carlisle castle

At Easter 1174 the English rebels made cause with William the Lion who invaded, besieging Carlisle castle. William of Newburgh commented that;

‘There were only a few barons at that time in England who were not wavering in their allegiance to the king and ready to defect.’’[xvi]

The rebels in the Midlands attacked and raided Northampton and took control of Nottingham and with it Richard de Lucy. Geoffrey exhorted the people of Lincoln to follow him north and crush the rebels.

Motte at Topcliffe

Geoffrey besieged one of the rebel leaders, Roger de Mowbray, at his castle of Kinardferry on the Isle of Axholme. Geoffrey captured Roger, razed the castle to the ground and marched north. There he took another of Mowbray’s castles at Kirby Malzeard and then a third castle at Thirsk was neutralised by the erection of a fort at neighbouring Topcliffe.

The rebels countered with an invasion of England, led by Count Philip of Flanders whose advance party joined up with Hugh Bigod to capture Norwich and then besieged Huntingdon. Henry was persuaded to travel across the channel. Immediately he left France Count Philip countermanded the invasion and joined with Louis of France to attack Normandy. By 22^nd July 1174 the joint forces were outside Rouen.

Wrapping Up the Rebellion

William the Lion's seal

The 22 year old Geoffrey now took on the man who was to become his major enemy; the 49 year old Hugh de Puiset, Bishop of Durham. Puiset had been conniving with the rebels, without actively joining the rebellion. Geoffrey forced Puiset to pledge his future loyalty to Henry and ordered him to stop meddling. Geoffrey then turned his attention further north to confront William the Lion who was besieging Bowes Castle.

As Geoffrey’s army approached Bowes William the Lion broke off the siege and retreated towards Alnwick. A few days later William and his men were surprised outside the castle. On 13^th July 1174 William the Lion was captured by the loyalists, led by Ranulf de Glanvill, Sherriff of Yorkshire, at the battle of Alnwick.

William’s capture meant the collapse of the rebellion in England and Geoffrey joined his father in Huntingdon which surrendered upon the king’s arrival. Geoffrey was greeted with pleasure, Henry allegedly crying out;

‘Base-born indeed have my other children shown themselves; this alone is my true son.’[xvii]

Henry then travelled with his normal speed to Nottingham and all the English rebels journeyed there to surrender to their liege lord. A peace in England was patched up and Henry treated his barons with leniency.

‘So the mighty learned that to wrest the club from the hand of Hercules was no easy task’[xviii]

Henry’s treasurer crowed. Henry followed this victory up by confounding his enemies in France; he was back in Normandy by 8^th August, taking Geoffrey with him, landing at Barfleur. The siege of Rouen was not proceeding with any real despatch and when Henry arrived he attacked Louis’ wagon train which, with a sortie from the city itself, was sufficient to send Louis and his army packing. Louis sued for peace in September.

A Visit to Rome

Pope Alexander III (C)

Geoffrey journeyed to Rome in October 1174 and was finally confirmed bishop by July 1175; the pope acquiescing under duress. Alexander issued a papal dispensation. On 1^st August Geoffrey made a ceremonial visit to Lincoln where Adam, Bishop of St Asaph, had been covering the bishop’s duties before Geoffrey’s confirmation. Geoffrey was sent by Henry to study at the cathedral school at Tours for a period

When Geoffrey finally returned to his diocese he was more apt to attend to temporal affairs rather than the spiritual. Geoffrey acted as a royal tax collector, gaining a reputation as being ‘efficient and uncompromising’, leading one contemporary to comment;

‘He was more skilful to fleece the Lord’s sheep than to feed them.’[xix]

Geoffrey was also a benefactor to his diocese, active in recovering diocesan estates, encouraging scholars to work at the cathedral school and bestowing upon the cathedral two ‘large and fine’ bells.

Bibliography

King John – Stephen Church, MacMillan 2013

Early Medieval England – MT Clanchy, The Folio Society 1997

Richard the Lionheart – John Gillingham, George Weidenfeld and Nicholson 1989

The Royal Bastards of Medieval England – Chris Given- Wilson and Alice Curteis, Barnes & Noble Books 1995

The Plantagenets – Dan Jones, William Collins 2012

Henry II – WL Warren, Yale University Press 2000

King John – WL Warren, Yale University Press 1997

Eleanor of Aquitaine – Alison Weir, Jonathan Cape 1999

The Plantagenets – Derek Wilson, Quercus Editions Ltd 2014

www.wikipedia.en

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[i] Author of the anecdotal work De Nugis Curialium, full of court gossip

[ii] There is a possibility that Ykenai or Akeny was more than a one-night stand as she may have also been the parent of William Longsword, another of Henry’s children on the wrong side of the blanket

[iii] Eleanor of Aquitaine - Weir

[iv] Who died age two

[v] Crowned as Henry’s co-king in 1170; thereafter known as the Young King

[vi] Later Duchess of Saxony

[vii] Later Duke of Brittany

[viii] Later Queen of Castile

[ix] Later Queen of Sicily

[x] Already 18 and married to a daughter of the King of France, Henry was viewed by his father as an ‘idle, vain, charming spendthrift’.

[xi] At court to bow the knee to Henry

[xii] Eleanor of Aquitaine - Weir

[xiii] Their mother’s ex-husband

[xiv] First and foremost Henry’s sudden marriage to the heiress of Aquitaine immediately after her divorce from Louis and Plantagenet control of the Vexin

[xv] Eleanor was kept captive for the next sixteen years

[xvi] Henry II - Warren

[xvii] The Royal Bastards – Given-Wilson & Curteis

[xviii] Henry II - Warren

[xix]The Royal Bastards – Given-Wilson & Curteis