A Female Soldier - Mother Ross IV

The Siege of Lille

Fortifications at Lille

Marlborough could not allow himself to be distracted by his wife’s antics back home. The Siege of Lille continued apace and an Allied assault on 9^th September proved bloody and inconclusive. Heavy shelling of Dutch and English troops based at Entriers gave rise to the suspicion that the Duc de Vendôme intended to offer battle. But on the 15^th the French decamped to Bruges, cutting off the Allied army from supplies coming from the coast.

Lille surrendered on 22^nd October, the governor hanging out the white ensign. 1,700 French horse were conducted to Douai, the rest of the garrison of 6,000 retired into the citadel and the siege continued. Four days before the surrender Field Marshall Ouwerkerke died.

One day while Christian was foraging for food and booty she was picked up by some soldiers of the French army. Christian, dressed in man’s clothing, appealed to their officer, claiming to be the son of an Irish officer fighting for the French. She was released.

Duke of Argyle

Christian immediately made her way to the Duke of Argyle’s quarters, where she found the Duke and Lord Mark Kerr[i] playing chess.

‘I asked them with some warmth, in a language which only became a soldier, and a freedom allowed my sex, what they meant by having no better intelligence, and idling their time at chess while the French were on the point of cannonading us.’[ii]

Kerr assumed that Christian was drunk, but Argyle knew Christian and cross questioned her. While doing so, confirmation that the French were positioning themselves for an attack came in and two regiments were sent to clear the French out. The Duke’s quarters were demolished in the fighting, so Christian made him up a bed of straw.

Meanwhile the Duke of Bavaria had laid siege to Brussels, and the Duke of Marlborough marched to the town’s relief. Hearing of the march, the Duke raised the siege and retreated to Namur, leaving behind

‘Their wounded, to the number of eight hundred men, sixteen pieces of cannon, four mortars, and a great deal of baggage.’[iii]

The siege works at Lille, suffering from a want of powder, were sapping the walls of the citadel. The governor beat the chamade[iv] on the 8^th December and the capitulation was signed the following day. The Lille garrison surrendered on 10^th December.

The Siege of Ghent

Eighteenth Century Ghent

 

Unable to leave the French in possession of Ghent, Marlborough decided to besiege the town. By the 18^th December the Allies were ready to fire the town with bombs and cannonades. The French sent the Duc d’Enghien[v] to parlay with Marlborough, who allowed the French to depart the town with all signs of honour.

 

Duc d'Enghien

 Christian’s husband Richard had been selected as a member of the forlorn hope during the siege. Before one night attack Christian found herself searching for Richard through the trenches to give him some beer, brandy and gin to fortify him during the assault. Used to being under attack, Christian was reckless and on one occasion, a soldier having both his arms blown off, she ran over to him and carried him off the field.

‘The place where he rashly exposed himself, was so very dangerous, that not a man would venture to go to his assistance. I ran, therefore, and carried him off to a surgeon, under whose care he was in a fair way of doing well, but a cold he got killed him.’[vi]

When the siege was lifted Christian was able to enter the town to sell root vegetables from a garden she had commandeered. The townspeople, having had their supplies taken by the Allied soldiers, were forced to pay whatever price Christian demanded.

As happily as they made their submission to the French, the burghers now presented the keys to Ghent, in a gold basin, to the Duke of Marlborough,. This pragmatic approach was eyed with disfavour by Christian.

‘The burghers, who had received the French with open arms, changed sides with their fortune, and made public rejoicings with thanksgivings in the churches for their departure.’[vii]

Bruges

In Bruges too, the magistrates sent to the Duke of Marlborough to submit once the French had quit their town. Richard’s regiment was quartered in Ghent for what remained of the winter. Christian made money by cooking for the soldiers and selling them beer. Her income was supplemented after she and Richard fell in with a local gin seller, Christian then took to smuggling gin, or geneva, into the town[viii].

Christian during this period was pregnant again and stricken with a desire for eels. The man who was to become her second husband, one Hugh Jones; risked stealing eels from the nets in the town’s moat to appease her cravings. Even before Richard’s death Hugh attempted to seduce Christian on a number of occasions.

The Nadir of French Fortunes

The winter of 1708-9 was severe and people froze to death[ix]. The cost of provisions rose through the roof and in France the vines were killed off. Louis XIV had expended so much monies on his ambitious European policies that the French Treasury was almost empty and French trade was impeded by the Dutch and British navies.

Charles as Holy Roman Emperor

Louis sent an embassy to the Netherlands to set peace talks in train; he was even prepared to concede the throne of Spain to the alternate candidate, Archduke Charles[x], despite opposition from his grandson Philip. The Allies, feeling that their enemy was at their mercy, set such onerous conditions to any proposed peace that Louis was able to galvanise the French and the proposals were rejected with loathing. Amidst a general feeling that the honour of France was at stake, volunteers for the army poured in.

The 1709 Campaign

Tournai

The peace proposals had not stopped preparations to continue the war. So when Louis refused the harsh Allied terms, the Allies turned to Tournai[xi], the French being positioned in strength before Arras. The town was invested on 23^rd June; the earthworks included the cutting of a new canal to deepen the River Scheldl; the river’s low water level delaying the arrival of the artillery.

Lord Cobham

The town capitulated on the 29^th and the garrison withdrew into the citadel. The governor agreed to capitulate by the 5^th September, if he was not relieved beforehand. Richard’s regiment was one of those attacking the citadel and Lord Cobham[xii] offered a guinea to anyone bringing down a windmill that stood between the artillery and the citadel.

‘I immediately snatched the match out of the man’s hand who was going to fire, clapped it to the touchhole, and down came the windmill. Major Petit, before I fired, bid me take care the cannon did not recoil upon me…..I was in too much haste to get the guinea, and not minding the caution, I was beat backwards……the officers could not refrain from laughing to see me set on my backside.’[xiii]

The town was not relieved and, after a reassurance that no quarter would be given if the garrison continued to resist, the French surrendered.

Christian spent much of her time with her husband and his regiment. When she could Christian would go treasure hunting, armed with a sword and grappling iron, to go poking about in wells, walls and searching for buried chests. She had learned the tricks of the trade, as a young girl, from the habits of Dutch soldiers, whom William III had taken to Ireland to quell the uprising in support of James II.

Mons

Before the fall of Tournai the Prince of Hesse-Kassel, with a force of 16,000 marched to invest Mons; the remainder of the army followed after the capitulation. Christian elected to travel to Mons with the advance party, despite the danger, as there was more chance of rich pickings.

Christian found a number of farm animals and birds, trussed ready for travel, and she appropriated these amongst other items. Then, arriving at the spot designated for the overnight halt, Christian made depredations from the inn where a Colonel Hamilton was to be quartered. On his arrival Hamilton found Christian camped outside admiring the provisions she had set in for herself and Richard. Christian lied to him;

‘Asked where I had got my barrel of strong beer. I told him, that falling in with some boors, I drove them before me, and made them bring me what I wanted; to which he civilly replied, ‘D—n you, you are a lying devil.’[xiv]

Nonetheless Colonel Hamilton dined off the shoulder of one of Christian’s sheep that night.

Mother Ross

The French were already camped before the town and on 11^th September the two armies fought at the battle of Malplaquet, near the village of Taisnieres. The French were led by the Ducs de Boufflers and Villars, who were unable to prevail against the generalship of Marlborough and Prince Eugene. The French withdrew from the field, their army left relatively intact and a continuing danger to the Allies.

Richard Welsh was killed during the battle; according to Christian she had a premonition of his death. Taking some small beer[xv] to him in the wood where his regiment were fighting, Christian was disturbed when, unusually, her dog started howling.

‘A man near me, who was easing nature, said. ‘Poor creature, he would fain tell you that his master is dead’.’[xvi]

Christian searched through the bodies, uncovering many of her friends before finding Richard’s body in the process of being stripped by a man. Christian’s grief was assuaged by a Captain Ross, who sympathised with her[xvii].

‘This compassion from the captain gave me the nickname of Mother Ross; by which I became better known than by that of my husband.’[xviii]

Christian dug Richard’s grave herself and says that she was stopped from throwing herself in after him by his colleagues.

Mons was now invested; but the French had managed to get provisions, ammunition, money and 1,000 men into the town. The weather did not cooperate and the Allied trenches flooded. By the 20^th October the besiegers were ready to invest the town, but were forestalled by the beating of the chamade. The following day the town and garrison surrendered, ending the Flanders campaign for that season.

Bibliography

Mother Ross – Daniel Defoe, Oakpast Ltd 2011

Queen Anne – Edward Gregg, Routledge and Kegan Paul 1980

The Marlboroughs – Christopher Hibbert, Penguin Books 2002

Marlborough – Richard Holmes, Harper Perennial 2009

Marlborough – JR Jones, Cambridge University Press 1993

www.wikipedia.en 

---

[i] British general, Governor of Sheerness 1729-45 and Edinburgh Castle 1745-52

[ii] Mother Ross- Defoe

[iii] Ibid

[iv] A beat of the drum or trumpet sound to inform the enemy that a proposal is about to be made.

[v] Son of the Prince de Condé and a Prince of the Blood

[vi] Mother Ross - Defoe

[vii] Ibid

[viii] Duty was payable on goods transported into a fortified town; Christian’s supplier was attempting to evade the tax, payable to the customs officers at the gate.

[ix] There was a mini-ice age at this period

[x] Brother of the Holy Roman Emperor; Charles succeeded to his brother’s throne in 1711

[xi] Handed to the Austrians at the end of the war

[xii] One of the founders of the Foundling Hospital and had the gardens at Stowe designed

[xiii] Mother Ross - Defoe

[xiv] Ibid

[xv] Low alcohol beer, as opposed to strong beer, was used instead of water which was usually not drinkable. Small beer was also produced in households for consumption by children and servants

[xvi] Mother Ross - Defoe

[xvii] There are intimations that Christian had an affair with Captain Ross

[xviii] Mother Ross - Defoe

A Female Soldier - Mother Ross III

Post Discovery

Lord John Hay 

Once Christian had recovered from her wound Lord John Hay sent her shirts and sheets to enable her to make undergarments for herself and the Brigadier gave her a silk gown; all the brigade’s officers having contributed towards its cost.

Now she was known to be a female again Christian was prepared to return to her sexual duties as a wife

‘’I apprehended the consequence of conversing with my husband might be my dismission [from the army]; for a great belly could not have been concealed. The discovery of my sex has now removed the cause, and I have no objection to living with my husband, as it is the duty of an honest wife.’’[i]

and Lord John decided that she and Richard should be remarried, the ceremony took place in the presence of all the officers.

As she was no longer receiving a soldier’s pay Christian decided to turn cook for the regiment. Finding this job too constricting, she then turned to being a sutler[ii]. Her contacts in the regiment enabled her to have her competition sent to the rear.

After Ramillies

On 25^th May 1706 Louvain capitulated and the troops stocked up on the abandoned stores. From thence the army marched to Brussels which submitted to the Allies. On 7^th June the French garrison at Antwerp marched out of the city, colours flying, their ordinance in the train. Oudenarde had submitted on 2^nd June. All of Brabant and the majority of Flanders fell into Allied hands over a short period as a direct result of the Battle of Ramillies.

Admiral Fairborne

On 13^th June, having consulted with the Dutch States General, Marlborough invested Ostend from the land, while a fleet, under the command of Admiral Fairborne, blocked access from the sea. The town submitted on 6^th July. The garrison was allowed to march out under promise of not taking up arms again for a period of six months.

The town of Courtrai then submitted, while the army commenced a siege of Menin on 22^nd July. The town submitted eighteen days later.

‘We lost a great many men in this siege; I was myself exposed to no danger but when my husband was, whom I always followed, and whom I would never abandon, wherever he went.’[iii]

Field Marshall von Nassau Oewerkerke

Dendermonde[iv] followed next, surrendering on the 5^th September. The next town to be besieged was Ath[v], under the command of Field Marshall van Nassau Ouwerkerke. The English under General Ingoldsby dug their trenches on 20^th September, while the French concentrated their fire on the troops massed on the other side of the town.

Christian was left to cook her husband’s dinner while he was at the entrenchments. Once dinner was ready Christian, like any good wife, carried Richard’s dinner to him.

‘’When my meat was ready, I covered it with cloths…..and venturing through a village belonging to the enemy……by a circuit of five miles, I got safe, with my provisions on my head, to the trench……I set my broth and meat before him; he invited his colonel, and other officers, who were not a little surprised at the risk I had run.’[vi]

Ouwerkerke visited the troops that night and while he was present Christian shot dead a French soldier gathering turnips in the field. At the same time a sniper from the town hit her;

‘The instant I killed the man, a musket-shot from the town, came through the sand-bags, split my under lip, beat one of my teeth into my mouth, and knocked me down……Lord Auverquerque, who had seen what had passed, made me a present of five pistols.’[vii]

Battle of Turin

The success of the Allies in the Low Countries meant that in September the Duc de Vendôme was transferred from the fight in Italy to shore up the shattered French army in the Netherlands. His departure meant that Prince Eugene was able to defeat the French under the Duc d’Orléans at the Battle of Turin; with the result that the French were driven out of Italy by the end of the year.

Back in Winter Quarters

The garrison surrendered on 2^nd October; the fall of Ath marking the end of the 1706 campaigning season and the troops were quartered in Ghent. During this period Christian was delivered of a child, which only lived six months. She also hired herself out to work under a cook for a Mr Dupper[viii], who had a tavern in the city.

While in Ghent, the Dutch woman, who had been Richard’s fiancée, took lodgings across the street from the Welsh’s. She persuaded Richard to join her in a local ale-house, while Christian was preparing dinner. Setting out to find her errant husband, Christian was informed he was with his mistress;

‘My rage was so great, that I struck at her with a case-knife I had undesignedly brought out in my hand, and cut her nose off close to the face.’[ix]

A surgeon was found to sew the nose back on; but the woman was left disfigured. Richard was arrested, but Christian procured his release. His mistress was placed in a turning stool[x], and spun round until she was sick. She was then escorted out of the town.

Further Campaigning

Duc d'Orleans

In 1707 there was little of interest happening in the Low Countries; the action moved to Spain, where the Allies were outclassed. The Duc d’Orléans and his troops, supporting King Phillip, made headway against the Allied army and procured a number of victories.

The main interest in Britain during 1707 was political; the Union of England and Scotland was passed in parliaments in both England and Scotland, following the Treaty of Union signed between the two countries on 22^nd July 1706. The 1707 season in Spain finished with the capitulation of Cuidad Rodrigo to the French and Spanish forces.

Admiral Byng

In 1708 the beginning of the campaigning season was enlivened by the invasion plans of the Pretender[xi]. On 23^rd March 1708 the 20 year old James Francis Edward Stuart, accompanied by a French invasion force, attempted to land in the Firth of Forth. Admiral Byng’s fleet intercepted the French and their admiral, loath to risk a battle, refused to countenance a landing, much to James’ chagrin. The English had been forewarned by the Dutch.

‘A project, which had it succeeded, would…..have made Lewis XIV. triumph for all his enemies; but as secret as were his preparations, they were discovered by the Dutch, who gave the Queen of England advice by fishing-boat.’[xii]

The Pretender returned to Dunkirk at the beginning of April. It would be another seven years before he would make another attempt on the throne he viewed as his.

Battle of Oudenarde

The highlight of the Allies campaigning season in the Low Countries was the Battle of Oudenarde, fought on 11^th July. The battle was an overwhelming victory for the Allies; with much of the French forces, commanded by the Ducs de Bourgogne[xiii] and Vendôme, being routed or captured.

‘The French were driven from hedge to hedge, and everywhere trodden underfoot…..being taken in the rear by eighteen battalions[xiv] and some horse, they began to lose courage, quitted the field…..and sheltered themselves under the cannon of Ghent.’[xv]

The remaining troops took refuge in the town of Ghent, which the French had retaken on the 6^th.

The Welsh’s moved to Courtrai and while there Christian was provoked into challenging a captain of the Grenadiers, in Lord Orkney’s regiment, into a horse race, which she won by charging his horse into a ditch, winning herself two pistoles.

The Allies, reinforced by German troops, extended their area of activities to the gates of Arras and lay siege to Lille on 1^st August. The second largest town in France surrendered on 12^th October. Its fortress had been considered the strongest in Europe and impregnable

The Politics of War

Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough

Back in England the long friendship between Queen Anne and her good friend Sarah Churchill was coming to a vitriolic end. Sarah had intimated to Anne that her new friendship with Sarah’s cousin Abigail Masham, had sexual overtones; a slur that Anne was never to forgive.

Caused by jealousy and Sarah’s extremely bad temper, the breakup lost her husband much of his influence with the queen and his enemies were legion. Marlborough, increasingly irritated by the lack of support from his monarch had, in a private letter to Sarah, threatened to retire, and the duchess attempted to use his letter to patch over her differences with Anne.

Anne was concerned about Marlborough’s threat sufficiently to write to him;

‘I am sorry to find you in such a spleenytick way as to talk of retireing, it being a thing I can never consent to.’[xvi]

Prince George of Denmark

The queen’s distress with Sarah Churchill’s antics was compounded by the death of her beloved husband Prince George of Denmark on 28^th October 1708. The couple had remained happily married for 25 years, despite the loss of 18 children, only one of whom, Prince William of Gloucester, had lived beyond the age of two.

Sophia, Electress of Hanover

The heir to the throne of England and Scotland was Sophia, Electress of Hanover, a granddaughter of James 1.

Bibliography

Mother Ross – Daniel Defoe, Oakpast Ltd 2011

Queen Anne – Edward Gregg, Routledge and Kegan Paul 1980

The Marlboroughs – Christopher Hibbert, Penguin Books 2002

Marlborough – Richard Holmes, Harper Perennial 2009

Marlborough – JR Jones, Cambridge University Press 1993

www.wikipedia.en 

---

[i] Mother Ross- Defoe

[ii] One engaged in selling goods to the soldiers

[iii] Mother Ross- Defoe

[iv] In East Flanders

[v] In Hainault

[vi] Mother Ross - Defoe

[vii] Ibid

[viii] The head sutler

[ix] Mother Ross - Defoe

[x] A round cage, large enough to hold a person, fixed upon a spindle so it can be spun round.

[xi] Eldest son of the deposed King James and half-brother of Queen Anne, now known as the Old Pretender, after his son Charles, known as the Young Pretender or Bonnie Prince Charlie amongst Jacobite supporters, attempted to regain his patrimony.

[xii] Mother Ross - Defoe

[xiii] As one of Louis XIV’s sons this was more an honorary command; the Duc de Vendôme was the commander with military experience

[xiv] Dutch troops under Field Marshall Ouwerkerke

[xv] Mother Ross - Defoe

[xvi] Queen Anne - Gregg