A Stuart Prince - Rupert of the Rhine V

I

Micklegate, York

n the North

Rupert proposed that he take his army up north to relieve the siege of York, while Charles would join Maurice in the West Country, where his army was besieging Lyme. Charles and Rupert would then return to Oxford to relieve the city. Rupert left on schedule but his opponents persuaded Charles to stay. Digby[i] gave up Abingdon to the Parliamentarians and the defences around Reading were destroyed.

Waller joined Essex in containing the Royalist forces in Oxford, hoping to trap Charles. He managed to slip out of the town with 7,000 men. Waller’s troops stood between Charles and Rupert and his army, while the roads south were blocked by Essex.

Countess of Derby

Rupert received a letter from his uncle that Rupert understood to be an order to march to relieve York which Lord Newcastle and 4,000 foot soldiers defended for the king.

‘If York be lost, I shall esteem my crown little less……but if that be lost…..you immediately march to Worcester, to assist me.’[ii]

Rupert had already invaded Lancaster, captured Stockport and rescued the Countess of Derby[iii] and her retainers from a three month siege of Lathom House. He was joined by Lord Goring in Bury. Rupert sent for more gunpowder from Oxford, having failed to find any in Liverpool. He then marched his army across the Pennines, arriving in Knaresborough on 30^th June.

Marston Moor

Alex Leslie

The Parliamentarians placed their forces between Rupert and his destination at Long Marston. The battle of Marston Moor was fought on 2^nd July 1644, the day after Rupert’s men had made a forced march of 22 miles having crossed three rivers en-route. Rupert was outnumbered by 10,000 men. Oliver Cromwell and David Leslie commanded the Parliamentarian cavalry under the overall command of Alexander Leslie[iv], the Earl of Leven.

Not only did the Parliamentarians have a larger army, they had better commanders; Goring’s men were notorious for their indiscipline and were incapable of following orders. Battle commenced in the late evening and, when the Royalist front caved in, Goring’s men fled the scene of the battle. Lord Byron decided to lead his men in an attack on Cromwell, a decision that was part of the Royalist undoing.

Newcastle’s men refused quarter fighting on until only thirty were left. The Marquis of Newcastle’s wife wrote;

‘Coming near the town, he [Newcastle] met His Highness Prince Rupert, with the lieutenant-general of the army, the Lord Ethyn. His Highness asked my lord how the business went? To whom he answered that all was lost and gone on their side.’[v]

Death of Boy

Among the dead was Rupert’s dog Boy, who had slipped his collar before the battle. Boy was accused of being a witch's familiar. There were numerous accounts of Boy's abilities; some suggested that he was the Devil in disguise, come to help Rupert.

Pro-Royalist publications ultimately produced parodies of these, including one which listed Rupert's dog as being a "Lapland Lady" transformed into a white dog; Boye was allegedly able to find hidden treasure, possessed invulnerability to attack, could catch bullets fired at Rupert in his mouth, and could prophesy as well as Mother Shipton. Similar stories from the period relate to Rupert's pet monkey who was also reputed to have shape shifting powers, being able to disguise itself behind enemy lines.

Rupert himself arrived in York late at night; Rupert’s next task as he saw it was to rally his men and rode back to Lancashire, then across to Cheshire, Shrewsbury and finally Wales in an attempt at rebuilding an army for his uncle.

Setbacks

Cropedy Bridge

Despite the problems in the north Charles was not despondent; he’d managed a victory of his own over Waller at Cropredy Bridge[vi]. Charles decided to march westwards with his men and link up with Maurice; they would then outnumber Essex, who was on his way to Lyme.

Charles decided on reorganising his commanders, necessitated by the arrest of Wilmot for intriguing with the enemy; he was replaced by Goring. Lord Percy was replaced by Lord Hopton as Master of the Ordnance. Charles wrote to Rupert;

‘Concerning your generosity and particular fidelity and friendship to me, I have implicit faith in you.’[vii]

Charles did not make Rupert Captain-General of his forces until 6^th November as the removal of the Earl of Brentford, who had overall charge of the military, needed careful handling. At the end of August Charles won the battle of Lostwithiel[viii]; but his journey back to Oxford was barred by Waller.

In the north Lancashire was lost to the Royalists, as was Newcastle, and Montgomery Castle. Rupert and Charles met up in Dorset at the end of September; they agreed to act defensively to concentrate their efforts on Oxfordshire, Wales and south-west England. The remains of the northern armies were to be amalgamated with Charles’ army while Rupert strengthened the garrison at Bristol; he was then to return to assist his uncle.

Reformation

Site of Second Battle of Newbury

Rupert reached Bristol on 6^th October and remained three weeks. While there Rupert was informed by his uncle that Basing House[ix] and Banbury and Donnington Castles were all in danger of surrendering. Rupert was also told that Oxford and Chester were at risk. Charles wanted Rupert to bring reinforcements up from Bristol. Rupert did not meet up with Charles and his army until after the second Battle of Newbury.

The military situation was declining rapidly; Cirencester needed supplies and troops; the garrison at Faringdon[x] were suffering from famine, having stripped the local area. Oxford itself was threatened by the Parliamentarians now at Abingdon, a mere five miles from the city. The siege of Taunton had been abandoned; the only good news came from Chepstow castle where the commander Colonel Sir John Wintour had seen off the rebels.

George Goring

Rupert tried to persuade Charles to come to terms with the Parliamentarians. But the terms were little different from those Charles had previously refused. In the new year parliament approved the creation of the New Model Army under Fairfax’s leadership. Essex was seen as insufficiently committed to the cause

Rupert was annoyed that the insubordinate Goring had demanded and received an independent command from his uncle. Goring wrote to Rupert;

‘I found all my requests denied by your hand, and therefore desired my orders from another.’[xi]

Before the campaigning season started Goring was once again under Rupert’s control. But Maurice was named President of Wales and the 14 year old Charles, Prince of Wales was placed in command of the West with full powers. These two appointments severely curtailed Rupert’s own command and he resented it. Goring refused to take orders from the Prince of Wales’ council and eventually took himself off to Bath to take the waters.

A Turning Point



Beeston Castle

Even so before the campaign season was in full swing Rupert had restored order in Wales and on the Welsh borders, relieved Beeston Castle[xii] put down a rising at Hereford. He then defeated a Parliamentarian force at Ledbury[xiii].

Fairfax had orders to end the siege of Taunton and Cromwell was sent to raid Oxford. He took Bletchingdon House after routing Royalist soldiers at Islip[xiv]. Oxford itself was placed under further threat from Fairfax who had relieved Taunton and now turned on the Royalist capital. The besieged city was short of food and ammunition; Goring was sent to aid William Legge[xv] in charge of the garrison.

Rupert and Charles made their way to Leicester which was taken by assault on 31^st May and 1200 men were taken prisoner[xvi] after the town was sacked. Charles then made his leisurely way to Daventry, unaware of the danger to Oxford. By the 12^th June Fairfax was 1 mile away from the city, but the Royalists had already moved on to Market Harborough.

The following day the Parliamentarians slaughtered an outpost Rupert had left at Naseby. On 14^th June Fairfax won a decisive battle outside the village, a battle Rupert had tried to avoid. Digby had chosen to persuade Charles to challenge Fairfax to fight, although the Royalists were outnumbered.



Henry Ireton

The New Model Army was able to withstand Rupert’s cavalry attacks and attempts to outflank the Parliamentarian position in front of boggy ground. Fairfax had Cromwell and Henry Ireton under his command; Cromwell’s men chased the Royalist foot off the field much to Charles’ chagrin. As so often before Rupert’s cavalry overshot and took some time to return to the battlefield.

Charles wanted to lead a charge himself but was stopped by the Earl of Carnwath seizing his horse’s bridle and turning Charles’s horse around. This was seen by the Royalists as a signal to retreat. The Parliamentarians seized the baggage train where the Puritans were brought up short by scenes of ungodliness;

‘They carried along with them many strumpets…..these they made use of in places where they lay in a very uncivil and unbecoming way.’[xvii]

The New Model Army attacked all the women, branding them as whores, slashing their faces, or slitting their noses and killing about 100 of them.

Bibliography

Prince Rupert of the Rhine – Maurice Ashley, Purnell Book Services Ltd 1976

The English Civil War – Robert Ashton, Weidenfeld & Nicholson 1989

Charles the First – John Bowles, Weidenfeld & Nicholson 1975

The Diaries of Lady Anne Clifford – DJH Clifford (ed), Alan Sutton Publishing Ltd 1990

Cromwell – Antonia Fraser, Phoenix Paperback, 2001

Charles I – Christopher Hibbert, Penguin Books 2001

The Grand Quarrel – Roger Hudson (ed), Folio Society 1993

The Civil Wars of England – John Kenyon, George Weidenfeld & Nicholson 1989

Prince Rupert of the Rhine – Patrick Morrah, Constable & Company 1976

The English Civil War – Diane Purkiss, Harper Perennial 2007

Prince Rupert – Charles Spencer, Phoenix Paperback 2008

www.wikipedia.en

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[i] A man of little or no talent beyond charming the king out of what little wit he had. Digby’s intense dislike of Rupert impelled him to persuade Charles into actions that were potentially disastrous for his cause

[ii] The English Civil War - Purkiss

[iii] A granddaughter of William the Silent and one of Rupert’s cousins

[iv] Both Leslie’s had fought under the command of King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden

[v] The Grand Quarrel - Hudson

[vi] A village north of Banbury

[vii] Rupert of the Rhine – Ashley

[viii] A village at the head of the River Fowey

[ix] The home of the Marquess of Winchester; near the village of Old Basing in Hampshire

[x] 18 miles southwest of Oxford

[xi] Rupert of the Rhine - Ashley

[xii] Near Ludlow

[xiii] East of Hereford

[xiv] Cromwell was then ordered to defend the eastern counties which it was believed that the Royalists would attack

[xv] One of Rupert’s supporters

[xvi] The rules of war allowed Rupert to put them to the sword as they had defended an assailable breach

[xvii] The English Civil War - Purkiss

The Stuart Prince - Rupert of the Rhine IV

Mary, Duchess of Richmond

The Enemy Within

Rupert was feared and the Parliamentarians found him odious; they made good use of PR, with leaflets circulating cataloguing his crimes. They painted him as sexually incontinent and accused him repeatedly of having a love affair with Mary[i], Duchess of Richmond, the wife of his closest friend[ii]. Mary and her husband James were Rupert’s staunch supporters at court, protecting him against the infighting of less favoured of Charles’ courtiers.

As the war progressed Rupert found it ever more difficult to fight for a cause wherein he found so many of the protagonists unsympathetic. Rupert loathed men like Digby, Wilmot and Goring and he found himself opposing the queen’s rigid sense of right and wrong.

Bristol Castle

Three Parliamentarian peers, the earls of Bedford, Clare and Holland, came to Oxford to beg forgiveness from Charles for fighting against him. Henrietta Maria told her husband to send the men back to the Parliamentarians; there should be no pardon for those who dared to rise up against their monarch.

Rupert was more pragmatic; pardoning the three men would reduce the numbers supporting the enemy and hopefully induce more men to cross the divide. Charles agreed with his nephew and pardoned the earls, upsetting his wife. Rupert had used up most of his goodwill with the royal couple; Charles was very reliant on Henrietta Maria who was not a fan of Rupert’s.

Following the fall of Bristol Rupert was awarded the governorship of the city. His enemies within the Royalist camp backed the Marquess of Hertford’s recommendation to give Sir Ralph Hopton the prize in return for his three victories. Charles was in a quandary, writing to Hopton;

‘We too much esteem our Nephew P. Rupert, to make him a means of putting any disrespect upon any Gentleman, especially one we esteem so much as you, than to give you any distaste.’[iii]

Rupert was allowed to remain governor, while Hopton was made his deputy; secretly Rupert allowed Hopton to govern the city as he saw fit.

Gloucester and More

Charles moved his army to Gloucester and told Rupert to demand the city’s surrender from the rebel commander, Colonel Edward Massey[iv]. Massey refused and the army set down to besiege the town. Rupert was not convinced of his uncle’s strategy, believing that it might be prudent to skirt the town and move onwards towards London.

Queen Henrietta Maria

Henrietta Maria blamed Rupert because her husband went to Gloucester with his army; she believed Rupert was stopping Charles returning to London. Henrietta felt isolated alone in her lodgings at Merton College, Oxford and was hurt by her impeachment on 21^st June. Like Rupert she was very unpopular, not least for her religion, to which the queen hung as a lifeline. She saw it as her duty as a good Catholic to try and save those around her; something which had disastrous results.

A poor influence on her husband Henrietta Maria was also vilified by the Parliamentarian broadsides;

‘Who went to the Brokers with the Jewels of the crown, and the cupboard of gold plate? Who bought pocket-pistols, barrels of powder, and many such pretty toys to destroy the Protestants Was it Queen Mary? The very same.’[v]

Gloucester remained defiant and the siege was not lifted until early September when the Royalists learned that the Earl of Essex was en route to relieve the town with an army of 14,000. Rupert tried pressed an attack on the relief army at Stow-on-the-Wold, but was repulsed.

Essex slipped into Gloucester and managed to persuade Charles that he intended to return to London via Worcestershire. Charles obligingly moved his army to Evesham and Essex moved quickly over to Cirencester and retook the town Rupert has taken earlier in the year. Essex then began his return journey to London. Rupert caught up with the Parliamentarians at Aldbourne Chase[vi] but was beaten off. Rupert’s troops sped to reach Newbury first and occupied the town.

Newbury and Beyond

Newbury and surrounding countryside

Charles brought up his army to Newbury and resolved to fight the next day; 20^th September. His optimism was reinforced by the arrival of fresh troops from Oxford. The battle on the morrow resulted in a conclusive victory for Essex, who was aided by the opposing side’s shortage of ammunition[vii]. Rupert’s cavalry were hampered by the hedges and hillocks around the site of the battle.

‘The Earl of Essex did break both the head and the heart of the King’s Army at Newbury.’[viii]

Rupert had opposed the fighting, knowing the problems his men faced and aware that Essex’s men would make the most of the terrain. The battle was one of the turning points of the war and Charles would never again be in a position to defeat the opposition in the field and give himself a clear run on London.

Donnington Castle

Charles lost a number of good men in the fight including Caernarvon, Falkland[ix] and Sunderland. Essex’s army moved off, marching towards London. Rupert and his men harassed the line of march but were checked three miles from Newbury by Parliamentarian musketeers.

Charles ordered Rupert to garrison Donnington Castle, and then he and his nephew returned to Oxford. Ten days later the indomitable Rupert was off to seize Bedford. En route he and his men took Newport Pagnell where Rupert placed Sir Lewis Dyve [x]in charge. At the end of October, after a muddle over ammunition, Dyve withdrew from this key position allowing Essex to occupy the town. Rupert now suggested an attack into East Anglia which was shouted down by his enemies, as being high-risk, which it was despite the pockets of Royalist support in the area.

Late in the year Rupert’s brother, Charles Louis, visited London to pledge his support for the Parliamentarians, who promptly reinstated his pension. The Protestant supporters of the ousted Elector were unhappy that Rupert and Maurice were fighting against the Puritan Parliament. Charles Louis himself strongly believed that regaining the Palatinate was a duty that overrode his duty to his uncle; Parliament believed that Charles Louis’ cause was a Protestant crusade.

Disaster Looms



Frontispiece Solemn League & Covenant

In the late autumn the Parliamentarians and the Scots came to an agreement, signing the Solemn League and Covenant. The Scots agreed to invade; to counter this Charles decided to bring back his troops stationed in Ireland. Rupert pushed to be given command of the influx of soldiers, chafing against the intrigues in Oxford. One of his supporters wrote;

‘The army is much divided and the Prince at true distance with many of the officers of the horse.’[xi]

The gulf between Henrietta Maria and Rupert was widening, but Charles made Rupert a peer on 23^rd January 1644; Earl of Holderness and Duke of Cumberland. By this time the Scots had already invaded and the Royalist army in the north was trounced by Sir Thomas Fairfax[xii]. Convinced that the north was to be where the action was Rupert got himself made Commander of Chester, Lancaster, Worcester, Salop and the northern counties of Wales.

Rupert set off north on the 6^th February where the Marquess of Newcastle’s army, east of the Pennines, was exposed to attack from the Scots and from a Parliamentarian northern army. Rupert needed to provide cover for them as well as ensure the safety of Oxford which was under constant pressure from Essex’s men. Rupert spent much of the summer of 1644 riding between the two.

Parliament decreed that Charles’ Irish troops were to be executed once captured. Thirteen of Rupert’s men were hanged near Nantwich, classified as Irish Papists although all of them were English. In retaliation Rupert executed thirteen of the enemy, promising thereafter to kill two Parliamentarians for every one of his men executed. His threat stopped further retaliation.

In Oxford the anti-Rupert cabal of Digby, Wilmot and Percy was joined by Sir John Culpeper; they increasingly had the ear of the king, despite their joint lack of military expertise. Rupert’s relief of Newark[xiii] was a counter to their whisperings. Newcastle wanted Rupert to remain in the northern Midlands, but the exigencies of war required him to recruit in the Welsh Marches. In his absence Lincolnshire was taken and Lord Bellasis’ army was defeated at Selby.

Bibliography

Prince Rupert of the Rhine – Maurice Ashley, Purnell Book Services Ltd 1976

The English Civil War – Robert Ashton, Weidenfeld & Nicholson 1989

Charles the First – John Bowles, Weidenfeld & Nicholson 197529^th.

The Diaries of Lady Anne Clifford – DJH Clifford (ed), Alan Sutton Publishing Ltd 1990

Charles I – Christopher Hibbert, Penguin Books 2001

The Grand Quarrel – Roger Hudson (ed), Folio Society 1993

The Civil Wars of England – John Kenyon, George Weidenfeld & Nicholson 1989

Prince Rupert of the Rhine – Patrick Morrah, Constable & Company 1976

The English Civil War – Diane Purkiss, Harper Perennial 2007

Prince Rupert – Charles Spencer, Phoenix Paperback 2008

www.wikipedia.en

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[i] Daughter of Charles’ old friend the Duke of Buckingham

[ii] There is no evidence that the relationship was anything other than platonic

[iii] Prince Rupert - Spencer

[iv] Later to change sides and fight for Charles II

[v] The English Civil War - Purkiss

[vi] Near Swindon

[vii] Ammunition could have been fetched from Oxford but Charles was not prepared to delay

[viii] Prince Rupert - Spencer

[ix] One of Charles’ two Secretaries of State, Falkland was fighting in a conflict he abhorred; he was replaced by Rupert’s enemy Lord Digby

[x] One of Lord Digby’s stepbrothers

[xi] Prince Rupert - Spencer

[xii] Who put down the Leveller revolt in Burford in May 1649

[xiii] A staging post between Newcastle’s army and Oxford